Learning and Memory

Question 1

Fear learning

Answer 1

Conditioned fear
Involves amygdala
Classical conditioning
Tone then foot shock, tone elicits increase in hr, mouse predicts foot shocks

Question 2

motor learning

Answer 2

Leaning to make coordinated skilled movements smoothly and effortlessly requires cerebellum

Question 3

habit and s-r learning

Answer 3

Involve basal ganglia

Question 4

working memory

Answer 4

Involves frontal lobes - hold in mind

Question 5

name the 2 categories of long term memory

Answer 5

Explicit and implicit

Question 6

describe the 2 categories of long term memory

Answer 6

Mediated by distinct neural systems
Mediated by separate brain circuits

Question 7

what is explicit memory

Answer 7

Conscious memory of
facts= semantic memory (hippo involves in declarative memory, name of school)
And events = episodic memory (memory of events in life - life story, string events together in time)
Know that I know tehse things

Question 8

what is implicit memory

Answer 8

Skills,habits, classically conditioned response

Question 9

explicit memory circuit

Answer 9

Explicit memory —> conscious memory of facts (semantic) and events (episodic)—> hippocampus, temporal lobe, cerebral cortex

Question 10

implicit memory circuit

Answer 10

Implicit memory —> skills, habits, classification conditioning —> basal ganglia (habits), cerebellum (motor) and amygdala (classical conditioning )

Question 11

what is essential for formation of new explicit memories

Answer 11

Hippocampus and surrounding parahippocampal gyrus (medial temporal lobe) = essential for formation. Of new explicit memories
Anatomically distinct structure

Question 12

where is hippocampus

Answer 12

Behind amygdala
In medial temporal lobe
Near parahippocampal gyrus
Lines floor of lateral ventricle in medial temporal lobe

Question 13

milner and hm = describe

Answer 13

Studied hm for years and he can’t remember her
Many seizures - tbi, common for epileptic seizures to start in hippo and spread to rest of brain = temporal lobe epilepsy
Now = surgically remove one hippo and usually fine and seizures cured
Then = cut out hippos and amygdalas = cured seizures but couldn’t form any new memory’s, normal past memories and normal working memory
= indicated that hippo is crucial for formation of declarative memories

Question 14

milner and hm = motor learning task

Answer 14

With practice = hm improved at tracing star in mirror
But didn’t remember practice task
Couldn’t form new explicit memories
Improvement visible = less errors over days
= proved that there are diff memory systems in brain - brain learns things in many ways - separate, diff memory systems still intact here

Question 15

Milner and hm = describe key insight

Answer 15

= brain has many diff anatomically distinct memory systems

Question 16

hippocampus comprises

Answer 16

Dentate gyrus and ca region

Question 17

inputs to hippocampus

Answer 17

from entorhinal cortex
= axons feed into hippo
Via perforant pathway

Question 18

describe cells of hippocampus

Answer 18

cells form 2 arc / c shapes = ca cells and dentate cells
Dentate gyrus = densely packed granule cells
Ca region (1-4) =-3 pyramidal cells

Question 19

what does hippocampus form

Answer 19

Classic core pathway through hippocampus
Loop with cortex
Input from and sends outputs to virtually every region of Uniondale and multimodal association cortex

Question 20

describe pathway through hippocampus

Answer 20

Uniondale and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal and parietal lobes), higher order sensory are —> etr cortex —> perforant pathway to Dentate gyrus —> ca3 —> ca1 (main output region hippo)—> back to etr cortex —> association areas
ALSo have more direct pathway from etr cortex —>ca1

Question 21

what is the pathway through hippocampus called

Answer 21

Trisynaptic pathway
= etr —> dentate
Dentate —> ca3
Ca3–>ca1

Question 22

hippocampal circuitry = what types of synapses

Answer 22

All excitatory = glutamate

Question 23

hippocampal circuitry = perforant pathway

Answer 23

in front etr cortex
Synapses on neurons - granule cells, more cells made throughout life (not common) - maybe sparse coding

Question 24

hippocampal circuitry = mossy fiber pathway

Answer 24

arch
Axons to ca3 region from dentate
Ca3 = pyramidal neurons
In region - 1 axon leaves hippo —> fornix
Other branch —>

Question 25

hippocampal circuitry = schaffer collateral pathway

Answer 25

Synapse on ca1 Also pyramidal neurons Most studied synapse - ltp Synaptic plasticity - synapses get stronger

Question 26

describe ltp = gen

Answer 26

synapses change strength Experimental protocol = looks at changes Mimics what happens in brain when learn- involves changes in strength of synapses Heavily used synapses get stronger = make greater contribution and epsps get bigger

Question 27

describe ltp = control

Answer 27

Stimulate presynaptic terminal And record from post synaptic terminal

Question 28

describe ltp = induction

Answer 28

Many aps induced —> so strong depolarization Leads to biochemical changes Post synaptic response = bigger response to glutamate

Question 29

describe ltp = ltp result

Answer 29

Now = leads to larger epsps in post synaptic cell in response to 1 amp

Question 30

where are hippocampal place cells and what do they do= specifically

Answer 30

found in ca1 and ca3 Fire only when animal is in specific location Population of place cells forms map fo animals environment

Question 31

where are hippocampal place cells and what do they do = gen

Answer 31

Spatial learning and memory = hippo important Place cells enable animal to know where it is Pyramidal neurons = individual neurons tuned to fire aps in different regions of enclose or linear space = makes map of animals space Allows animals to learn and remember space its in

Question 32

morris water maze

Answer 32

Test of spatial memory Platform in water - mice can’t see it , swim randomly until find it Repeat and animal will start to remember where platform is - uses cues to find platform

Question 33

ko nmda receptor

Answer 33

Ko nmda receptor in ca1 pyramidal cells = blocks spatial learning in mice = ltp at this synapse is important and spatial learning and memory is impaired if impair ltp at this synapse = ltp important to learning and memory (Nmda receptor= crucial for synaptic plasticity and ltp of synapse)

Question 34

what is ultimate storage site for explicit memories

Answer 34

Cerebral cortex Hippo interacts with many parts of brain - visual auditory - process consolidates memories - hippo transforms experience into memory but once establish = stores in areas in cortex

Question 35

Only the ca1 synapse does synaptic plasticity???

Answer 35

NOOO ALL these synapses = have synaptic plasticity but molecular mechanisms diff

Question 36

why is hippocampus researched a lot

Answer 36

knwo its role in memory and learning - so lots of interest in understanding synaptic plasticity and changes in synaptic strength Also can slice hippo easily = long thin tube, basic circuit repeated

Question 37

What is hippo central role in

Answer 37

memory consolidation So memories established and permanent