Learning and memory

Question 1

what are the different types of learning?

Answer 1

1. associative 2. non-associative simple 3. non-associative complex

Question 2

definition: associative learning

Answer 2

1. relationship between two or more stimuli 2. time sensitive

Question 3

definition: passive associative learning

Answer 3

1. simple conditioning 2. temporal relation between stimuli

Question 4

definition: operant associative learning

Answer 4

1. primary stimulus is associated with a different reinforcement stimulus 2. reinforcement stimulus may be positive or negative

Question 5

what are the subtypes of simple non-associative learning?

Answer 5

1. habituation 2. sensitization

Question 6

what are the subtypes of complex non-associative learning?

Answer 6

1. imprinting 2. vicarious or latent

Question 7

what is vicarious or latent complex non-associative learning?

Answer 7

1. simple experience of familiarity 2. no motivation or reinforcement (reward) necessary 3. imitation or observation

Question 8

what brain region mediates working memory?

Answer 8

prefrontal cortex

Question 9

what are the qualitative categories of human memory?

Answer 9

1. declarative - explicit 2. non-declarative - implicit, procedural, motor

Question 10

what brain areas are involved in declarative memory?

Answer 10

1. medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and surrounding areas) 2. diencephalon (basal forebrain, thalamus)

Question 11

what types of information are stored in declarative memory?

Answer 11

1. semantic (facts) 2. episodic (events)

Question 12

what brain areas are involved in non-declarative memory?

Answer 12

1. striatum 2. motor cortex 3. cerebellum 4. spinal reflex circuits

Question 13

what types of information are stored in non-declarative memory?

Answer 13

1. skilled movements and habits 2. priming 3. emotional responses 4. complex reflexive pathways

Question 14

what is the purpose of working memory?

Answer 14

guide behavior and inhibit inappropriate actions

Question 15

what brain area is responsible for memory consolidation?

Answer 15

hippocampus

Question 16

which areas are responsible for episodic memory?

Answer 16

1. medial temporal lobe 2. anterior thalamic nucleus 3. prefrontal cortex

Question 17

which area is responsible for semantic memory?

Answer 17

inferolateral temporal lobes

Question 18

which areas are responsible for procedural memory?

Answer 18

1. basal ganglia 2. cerebellum 3. supplementary motor area

Question 19

definition: long term potentiation

Answer 19

an enduring increase in synaptic efficacy that results from high-frequency stimulation of an afferent (input) pathway

Question 20

what receptor is most important for long term potentiation?

Answer 20

NMDA

Question 21

what area controls how much of a fear response the amygdala will express?

Answer 21

prefrontal cortex

Question 22

fear extinction relies on what three structures?

Answer 22

1. amygdala - storage 2. hippocampus - context 3. prefrontal cortex - integration

Question 23

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex on the amygdala during fear extinction? outside of the extinction context?

Answer 23

1. inhibition 2. amygdala output is uninhibited

Question 24

anterograde amnesia is primarily a defect in what memory process? what structure is usually damaged?

Answer 24

1. consolidation 2. hippocampus

Question 25

retrograde amnesia is primarily a defect in what memory process?

Answer 25

inability to recall previously stored memories