Lecture 1.2

Question 1

Study of the Structure, Composition, and Chemical Reactions of Molecules in Living Systems

Answer 1

BIOCHEMISTRY

Question 2

• The science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
• The science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reaction.

Answer 2

Biochemistry

Question 3

is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions which take place inside a living organism.

Answer 3

Biochemistry

Question 4

an early pioneer in biochemistry

Answer 4

Carl Neuberg (German)

Question 5

two notable breakthroughs

Answer 5

(1) Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts
(2) Identification of Nucleic acids as information molecules

Question 6

discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle-won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953

Answer 6

Krebs in 1937

Question 7

he discovery of the “DNA Double Helix” -won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962
Some historic events

Answer 7

Watson & Crick in 1953

Question 8

the determination of insulin sequence- won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956

Answer 8

Sanger in 1955

Question 9

Sequencing of DNA-won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980

Answer 9

Sanger & Gilbert in 1980

Question 10

invention of PCR method -won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993

Answer 10

Kary B. Mullis in 1993

Question 11

• requires energy
• builds larger, complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones
• forms chemical bonds between molecules

Answer 11

anabolism

Question 12

• releases energy
• breaks down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones
• breaks chemical bonds within molecules

Answer 12

catabolism

Question 13

(basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state

Answer 13

CELLS

Question 14

All organisms use the same type of molecules:

Answer 14

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.

Question 15

lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles

Answer 15

Prokaryotes

Question 16

have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Answer 16

Eukaryotes

Question 17

Providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems

Answer 17

Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining boundary

Question 18

Enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles

Answer 18

Cytoplasm

Question 19

Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur.

Answer 19

Nucleus

Question 20

a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome

Answer 20

nucleolus

Question 21

The transport network for molecules

Answer 21

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 22

Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis

Answer 22

Ribosomes

Question 23

Covered with ribosomes (causing the “rough” appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes

Answer 23

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 24

A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids

Answer 24

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 25

- process and package the macromolecules. - A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form

Answer 25

Golgi apparatus

Question 26

- contain digestive enzyme - membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.

Answer 26

lysosomes

Question 27

Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA.

Answer 27

Mitochondria

Question 28

- are a group of organic compounds that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are essential for life. - They are one of the three main nutrients found in food and drinks, along with proteins and fats

Answer 28

carbohydrates

Question 29

The three main types of carbohydrates are

Answer 29

sugars, starches, and fiber.

Question 30

are polymers of numbers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Answer 30

proteins

Question 31

There are _________ that are present in natural proteins.

Answer 31

20 different amino acids

Question 32

are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents & insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

Answer 32

lipids

Question 33

 Perform a variety of functions in our body.  They're part of cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells.  They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones.

Answer 33

lipids

Question 34

can be defined as large biomolecules that are made up of a chain of nucleotides

Answer 34

Nucleic acids

Question 35

is a biomolecule that has both a sugar as well as a phosphate group and contains a nitrogenous bases

Answer 35

nucleotide

Question 36

are responsible for storing genetic information

Answer 36

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Question 37

carries long-term genetic data

Answer 37

DNA

Question 38

helps the formation of different types of protein in the body.

Answer 38

RNA

Question 39

three main nutrients found in food and drinks

Answer 39

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Question 40

There are seven types of proteins: 

Answer 40

antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins