Biochemical Engineering > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological molecules consist primarily of

A

-carbon bonded to carbon, or
-carbon bonded to other molecules.

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2
Q

Carbon may be bonded to ________with specific properties.

A

functional groups

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3
Q

are molecules with the same chemical formula.

A

Isomers

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4
Q

3 types of isomers

A

a. chain isomerism
b. position isomerism
c. functional group isomerism

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5
Q

molecules are mirror-images of each other.
- Also known as optimal isomers

A

Chiral

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6
Q

________ are typically large
molecules constructed from
smaller subunits.

A

Biological molecules

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7
Q

single subunit

A

Monomer

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8
Q

Many units

A

Polymer

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9
Q

formation of large molecules
by the removal of water
-monomers are joined to form polymers

A

dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water

A

hydrolysis

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11
Q

Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
-empirical formula: (CH2O)n
-examples: sugars, starch, glucose

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

-a monosaccharide – single sugar
-contains 6 carbons
-very important in energy storage

A

Glucose

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13
Q

is a structural isomer of glucose

A

fructose

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14
Q

is a stereoisomer of glucose

A

galactose

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15
Q

-2 monosaccharides linked together by
dehydration synthesis
-used for sugar transport or energy storage
-examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose

A

Disaccharides

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16
Q

-long chains of sugars
-used for energy storage
-plants use starch; animals use glycogen
-used for structural support
-plants use cellulose; animals use chitin

A

Polysaccharides

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17
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of

A

nucleotides.

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18
Q

sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

A

nucleotides

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19
Q

sugar is ________ in DNA
or _______ in RNA

A

deoxyribose, ribose

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20
Q

Nitrogenous bases include
-purines:
-pyrimidines:

A

purines: adenine and guanine

pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil

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21
Q

DNA are nucleotides connected by

A

phosphodiester bonds

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22
Q

polynucleotide strands are

A

complementary

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23
Q

-contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
-contains uracil instead of thymine
-single polynucleotide strand

A

RNA

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24
Q

Function of RNA

A

-read the genetic information in DNA
-direct the synthesis of proteins

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25
Meaning of DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
26
Long-term storage of genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms.
DNA
27
Used to transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins
RNA
28
Structural Features of DNA
-B-form double helix. -DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides.
29
Structural Features of RNA
-A-form helix. -RNA usually is a single-strand helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides.
30
Composition of Bases and Sugars for DNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine bases
31
Composition of Bases and Sugars for RNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil bases
32
propagation in DNA
self-replicating
33
propagation in RNA
Synthesized from DNA on an as-needed basis.
34
Base pairing for DNA
AT (adenine-thymine) GC (guanine-cytosine)
35
Base pairing for RNA
AU (adenine-uracil) GC (guanine-cytosine)
36
Reactivity of DNA
The C-H bonds in DNA make it fairly stable, plus the body destroys enzymes that would attack DNA
37
Reactivity of RNA
The O-H bond in the ribose of RNA makes the molecule more reactive, compared with DNA.
38
Ultraviolet damage in DNA
DNA is susceptible to UV damage.
39
Ultraviolet damage in RNA
Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV damage.
40
Meaning of ATP
adenosine triphosphate
41
primary energy currency of the cell
ATP
42
-is a redox coenzyme that can -Oxidize a metabolite by accepting two electrons and a hydrogen ion; results in NADH -Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons
NAD+
43
-is another redox coenzyme -Sometimes used instead of NAD+ -Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H+) to become FADH2
FAD
44
Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are usually carried to the
electron transport system
45
Only a small amount of ______ is needed in cells, because each _______ molecule is used over & over again
NAD+
46
Protein functions
1. enzyme catalysts 2. defense 3. transport 4. support 5. motion 6. regulation 7. storage
47
-Joined by dehydration synthesis -Proteins are polymers of
amino acids.
48
form between adjacent amino acids
peptide bonds
49
Amino acid structure: central carbon atom surrounded by
-amino group -carboxyl group -single hydrogen -variable R group
50
Amino acids can be classified as:
1. nonpolar 2. polar 3. charged 4. aromatic 5. special function
51
sequence of amino acids
Primary structure
52
– interaction of groups in the peptide backbone -a helix -b sheet
secondary structure
53
folded shape of the polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
54
– interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits
quaternary structure
55
Protein folding is aided by
Chaperone proteins
56
are common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides
Motifs
57
are functional regions of a polypeptide
Domains
58
is a change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function. -may involve complete unfolding -caused by changes in the protein’s environment -pH -temperature -salt concentration
Denaturation
59
are a group of molecules that are insoluble in water.
Lipids
60
Two main categories of lipids:
-fats (triglycerides) -phospholipids
61
composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides (fats)
62
Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains which may be
-saturated -unsaturated -polyunsaturated
63
-an excellent molecule for energy storage -store twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Triglycerides
64
-animal fats are usually ________ and are solid at room temperature
saturated fats
65
plant fats (oils) are usually ______ and are liquid at room temperature
unsaturated
66
composed of: -1 glycerol -2 fatty acids -a phosphate group
Phospholipids
67
Phospholipids contain polar “________” and nonpolar “________”.
heads, tails
68
Phospholipids spontaneously form
micelles or lipid bilayers.
69
are the basis of biological membranes.
Lipid bilayers
Biochemical Engineering
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