lecture 2

Question 1

what is pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

what the body does to the drug ( ADME)

Question 2

what is pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

what the drug does to the body

Question 3

what drug characteristics affect absorption

Answer 3

molecular weight, ionisation, solubility,formulation,liberation

Question 4

where are pro drugs converted to their active state

Answer 4

liver

Question 5

main ways of elimination

Answer 5

pulmonary, bile, renal

Question 6

what is the therapeutic index

Answer 6

min toxic dose/ min effective dose

Question 7

examples of drugs which are renally cleared

Answer 7

aminoglycosides ( gentamycin), glycopeptides ( vancomucin), digoxin, lithium, morphine

Question 8

whats chronotropy

Answer 8

effect on heart rate (+ve increases hr, -ve decreases hr)

Question 9

digoxin effect on heart rate

Answer 9

decreases

Question 10

what is inotropy

Answer 10

contractility of the heart - increased contractility increases the cardiac output

Question 11

digoxin effect on contractility

Answer 11

increases contractility

Question 12

how does digoxin work

Answer 12

inhibits the Na-K ATPase to increase intracellular calcium levels
strengthens heart contractions and slows the heart rate

Question 13

what kind of drug is digocin

Answer 13

cardiac glycoside

Question 14

define steady state

Answer 14

same amound eliminated as administered
( a constant serum drug level)

Question 15

which drugs rapidly reach steady state

Answer 15

drugs which have short half lifes

Question 16

define potency

Answer 16

amount of drug which reaches 50% efficacy

Question 17

ED50 vs LD50

Answer 17

effective dose (50% of subject) vs Lethal dose (50% of subjects)

Question 18

what is responsible for metabolism/elimination of drugs

Answer 18

enzymes

Question 19

define an agonist

Answer 19

a ligand which binds and activates a receptor

Question 20

gs protein receptor function

Answer 20

stimulatory
stimulated by adenylyl cyclase , which increases cAMP and activates PKA

Question 21

Gi g protein function

Answer 21

inhibitory
inhibits adenylyl cyclase which decreases cAMP

Question 22

Gq g protein function

Answer 22

activates PKC which produces IP3 and DAG which releases intracellular calcium levels and calcium sensitisation

Question 23

how does mannitol work

Answer 23

interferes osmotically with water reabsorption by kidneys - doesnt interact with the cell

Question 24

why do receptor mediated responses plateau

Answer 24

theres a finite number of receptors in a cell so once theyre all saturated it plateaus

Question 25

what do ligands need to be to bind to intracellular receptors

Answer 25

lipophilic

Question 26

what happens when drug binds to receptor

Answer 26

ion channel opens/closes second messangers can be activated cell function either turned on or off

Question 27

examples of contraction drugs

Answer 27

agonists and calcium channel blockers

Question 28

example of relaxation drugs

Answer 28

agonists and potassium channel activators

Question 29

where is renin produced

Answer 29

kidneys

Question 30

where is ace produced

Answer 30

lungs

Question 31

what converts angioensinogen to angiotensin 1

Answer 31

renin

Question 32

purpose of ACE

Answer 32

binds to angiotensin 1 and converts it to angiotensin 2

Question 33

angiotensin 2 effects

Answer 33

increased sypathetic activity , tubular sodium reabsorption, water retention and potassium excretion, increased aldosterone excretion by kidneys , vasoconstriction of arteries, increased ADH secretion

Question 34

RAAS related cardiac drugs

Answer 34

ACE inhibitors , ARB, aldosterone antagonists