Lecture 3

Question 1

What is the difference between central and peripheral adaptations to exercise

Answer 1

• central: has to do with oxygen delivery (blood volume, heart adaptations)
• peripheral: oxygen consumption at the muscle (mitochondria and fuel storage)

Question 2

Does plasma volume change quickly

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

What is the end diastolic volume

Answer 3

the amount of blood left in the LV

Question 4

what does increased end diastolic volume cause

Answer 4

it increases stroke volume

Question 5

what is the frank sterling law

Answer 5

increased filling of the heart causes the heart to stretch more, this than causes increased SV

Question 6

what are key central adaptions

Answer 6

• plasma volume
• stroke volume
• caridac output

Question 7

what does increased plasma volume cause

Answer 7

• increased end diastolic volume
• increased stroke volume
• increased oxygen transport
• incrased temperature regulating ability

Question 8

what is stroke volume

Answer 8

amount of blood that is ejected from the heart every beat

Question 9

what does plasma volume influence

Answer 9

stroke volume

Question 10

what does increased stroke volume cause

Answer 10

• increased left ventricle volume and mass (hypertrophy)
• decreases arterial stiffness
• increased diastolic filling time from training indeuced bradycardia
• improved intrinsic cardiac contractile function

Question 11

why is decreased arterial stiffness a good thing for SV

Answer 11

it makes it easier for the LV to overcome the pressure of the aorta

Question 12

what is increased filling time from training induced bradycardia

Answer 12

training causes increased SV, this means that at sub max word loads the heart can beat slower and still deliver enough oxygen, giving the heart more time to fill up with blood

Question 13

what is improved intrinsic cardiac contractile function

Answer 13

increased ion concentration within the heart muscles

Question 14

What happens to HR with training

Answer 14

at the smae workload HR decreased

Question 15

what causes a decrease in HR with training at the same workload

Answer 15

• greater vagal dominance
• decreased SA node intrinsic firing
• also mediated by increased SV

Question 16

what is greater vagal dominance

Answer 16

this is where there is increaed parasymapthetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity

Question 17

At supramaximal workload who would have the highest HR

Answer 17

sedentary untrained individual

Question 18

what causes reduced submaximal cardiac output

Answer 18

• more effective blood flow destribution
• trained muscles enhanced capacity to generate ATP aerobically at a lower tissue PO2

Question 19

what are key peripheral adaptations

Answer 19

• mitochondrial biogensis
• capillarization
• alterations in protein and enzyme content

Question 20

what is increased muscle capillarization

Answer 20

increase in number of capillaries surounding a muscle, this means there is more SA for O2 uptake

Question 21

what causes alterations in protein and enzyme content

Answer 21

caused by increased mitochondria

Question 22

what are the 3 steps in increased protein synthesis

Answer 22

1. gene expression (code for protein)
2. protein translation
3. protein function

Question 23

is measuring gene expression a good way to measure protein function

Answer 23

no

Question 24

what is the most common way protein function is measured

Answer 24

gene expression

Question 25

what is the best way to messure protein function

Answer 25

by measuring the protein activity

Question 26

from which parent do we get our DNA for mitochondria

Answer 26

mom

Question 27

where is the mitochondrial DNA found

Answer 27

mitochondrial matrix

Question 28

does mitochondria have their own DNA

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

what does mitochondrial biogensis require

Answer 29

the cordination of nuclear and mitochondiral genomes

Question 30

what are the 4 things necessary for coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis

Answer 30

1. transcription of nuclear genes, protein translation and import into the mitochondria 2. transcription/ translation of mitochondiral genes 3. biogensis of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids 4. enzyme assembly

Question 31

what activates AMPK

Answer 31

exercise

Question 32

what does AMPK do

Answer 32

phosphorylates and activates PGC-1a

Question 33

why is increased mitochondia better for aerobic activity

Answer 33

- increased O2 consumption - more ATP - increased fat metabolism

Question 34

what 5 things increase lipid metabolism

Answer 34

1. greater blood flow within trained muscles 2. more lipid mobilization and lipid mobilizing enzymes 3. enhanced muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity 4. decreased catecholamine release at the same absoulte power output 5. increased intracellular lipied stores

Question 35

why does reliance on carbs reduce at sub max workloads in trained indviduals

Answer 35

- muscle glycogen use decrease - decreased glucose production - decreased plasma-borne glucose use