FA3 Reproduction > Lecture 30 > Flashcards

Lecture 30 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the cardiovascular and respiratory challenges faced by large animal neonates?

A

-fetal ducts (foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus) take time to close
-asphyxia can lead to gasping and not receiving enough air

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2
Q

How can neonates be stimulated to breathe?

A

-tickle nostril with a piece of straw
-vigorous rubbing of skin over legs to stimulate somatic resp. effect
-suction of the airway with care

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3
Q

What does prolonged aspiration stimulate in neonates?

A

vagal bradycardia

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4
Q

What are the charactersitics of transient acidosis in large animal neonates?

A

-can experience metabolic acidosis in the first 4 hours
-can experience respiratory acidosis in the first 48 hours
-dystocia may induce persistent acidosis and hypoxia

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of energy metabolism in the neonate?

A

*last trimester:
-fetus makes and stores glycogen in liver (10%)
-short term supply only

*in uterus:
-3% body weight accumulation of adipose
-thermoregulation reserve

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6
Q

Which fuels are used as energy during gestation?

A

-lactate by the fetus
-amino acids by the mother

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of thermoregulation in newborns?

A

-must generate heat
-large surface area (heat loss) to body weight (heat production) ratio
-amniotic fluid evaporation and low resistance to cooling contribute to potential hypothermia

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8
Q

Which aspects of the neonate can contribute to thermogenesis?

A

-shivering
-increased metabolic rate
-brown adipose tissue

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9
Q

What are the effects of adverse weather on neonates?

A

-hypothermia
-death
-starvation

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10
Q

What are the 1-2-3s of foal parameters?

A

-should be standing in 1 hour
-should be nursing in 2 hours
-should be defecating in 3 hours

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11
Q

How long after birth should a foal be sternal/sitting?

A

5 minutes

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12
Q

How long after birth should a foal exhibit the suckling reflex?

A

5 to 10 minutes

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13
Q

What care should be done for newborns after birth?

A

-dip navel
-enema
-be sure foal receives colostrum
-vaccinations
-antibiotics
-vitamin E and selenium

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14
Q

What is the care done for the umbilical cord?

A

-allow to break off naturally
-dip end of umbilicus in 0.5% chlorhexidine, dilute iodine tincture, or povidone iodine
-apply dip 1 to 2 times daily for 2 to 3 days

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of enemas in large animal neonates?

A

-recommended by some vets to remove meconium
-OTC disposable enemas may cause electrolyte abnormalities and phosphate toxicities
-can use warm soapy water with 1/2 teaspoon of detergent

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of colostrum ingestion?

A

-newborn must nurse in the first 2 hours for most effective transfer
-if unsure of adequate ingestion, provide 20-40 ml/kg of good quality colostrum via bottle or tube feed

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of vaccinations in foals?

A

-if mare is vaccinated 1 month prior to foaling, no vaccinations needed in the foal
-if mare was not vaccinated prior to foaling, foal should be given tetanus toxoid and/or tetanus antitoxin

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of antibiotic use in foals?

A

*only use in foals who:
-are born in contaminated environment
-have abnormal placenta
-may not have received colostrum in time

*one shot is worse than none

*prophylactic use discouraged
-leads to abx resistance
-unnecessary exposure of newborn to possible toxic side effects

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19
Q

When should vitamin E and selenium be administered to foals?

A

-region is selenium deficient
-mother was not supplemented during pregnancy

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20
Q

Which questions should be asked during the newborn exam of a foal?

A

-foal activity
-foal frequency of nursing
-foal hunger levels
-evidence of cleft palate
-foal meconium passage
-enema(s) in the foal
-appearance of placenta
-appearance of dam’s udder/fullness after nursing

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21
Q

What are the normal and abnormal parameters of foal appearance?

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A

*normal:
-BAR
-erect head and neck

*abnormal:
-depressed
-sleepy
-excitable
-seizures
-hypotonia; sepsis, immaturity

22
Q

What are the normal TPRs for foals?

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A

-temp. between 99-102 deg. F
-HR between 80 and 120 bpm
-RR between 30 and 40 rpm

23
Q

What can cause an abnormal temp. in foals?

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A

-hypothermia due to sepsis
-fever due to infection

24
Q

What can cause abnormal heart rate in foals?

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A

*increased:
-pain
-dehydration
-sepsis

*decreased:
-shock
-hypothermia
-hypoglycemia

25
What can cause abnormal resp. rate in foals?
*increased: -pain -pneumonia -stress *decreased: -shock -cold -premature
26
What are the characteristics of GI motility in foals?
*normal: -gut sounds bilaterally *abnormal: -absent or increased sounds -abdominal distention enteritis -ileus -meconium impaction -uroabdomen
27
What are the characteristics of mucus membranes in the foal?
*normal: -pink and moist -CRT < 2 seconds *abnormal: -red/injected if septic or toxic -pale if anemic -yellow if icteric, septic, or hemolysis -white/grey if in shock
28
What are the charactersitics of the feces in foals?
*normal: -yellow or tan -pasty *abnormal: -black and hard -watery diarrhea -bloody diarrhea
29
What are the characteristics of the suckle reflex in foals?
*normal: -present within minutes of birth *abnormal: -weak or absent -due to sepsis or immaturity
30
What are the characteristics of the umbilicus in foals?
*normal: -dry and small *abnormal: -moist -swollen -any discharge
31
What are the characteristics of the eyes of foals?
*normal: -clear and dry *abnormal: -cloudy corneas indicate ulcers -excessive tearing indicates entropion -sunken eyes indicate dehydration
32
What are the characteristics of the nostrils in foals?
*normal: -dry and clean *abnormal: -milk; indicates palate defect
33
What are the characteristics of the joints in foals?
*normal: -no swelling or lameness *abnormal: -swollen and painful -can occur with septic arthritis or physitis
34
What are the characteristics of the limbs in foals?
*normal: -straight legs -normal tendons *abnormal: -angular limb deformity -contracted tendons -heels off the ground -fractures -tendon laxity; toes off the ground
35
What are the characteristics of the chest in foals?
*normal: -able to auscult heart and lungs -palpation of normal ribs -murmurs can be normal if younger than 96 hours *abnormal: -crepitus from fractured ribs -irregular heart rate, rhythm, or murmurs -diffuse lung disease from in utero infection
36
What are the characteristics of the abdomen in foals?
*normal: -appropriate contour, symmetry, and gut sounds *abnormal: -distention -colic -hernia
37
What are the characteristics of the urogenital system in foals?
*normal: -first urination in 6 to 10 hours -testes may be descended *abnormal: -dysuria -stranguria -abdominal distention -congenital defects
38
What are the warning signs seen on foal exams?
*change in behavior: -wandering -not knowing how and/or where to nurse *milk on face -cleft palate -HYPP -aspiration pneumonia -dummy foal -neuro. problems *mare's udder swollen/dripping milk *liver problems -septicemia -icterus
39
What are the charactersitics of clin. path. in foals?
-normal for RBCs and MCV to be lower -can see changes in PCV -leukocytes can be increased at birth due to cortisol -beware of leukopenia/neutropenia/lymphopenia -fibrinogen increased in foals younger than 48 hours indicates in utero infection -evaluate TP, CK, ALKP, and bilirubin on chem.
40
What are the characteristics of passive transfer?
-foals/calves are born without antibodies due to their placenta type -Ig are sequestered in mammary gland during last two weeks of gestation -must ingest colostrum within first 24 hours; ideally first 2 hours
41
What are the characteristics of colostrum ingestion?
-specialized cells present in small intestine for a short time; non-selective absorption of large proteins -suppression of digestive enzymes -Ig pass directly into lymphatics -absorption levels are dose dependent
42
What is found in colostrum?
-Ig -maternal WBCs and growth factors -hormones, cytokines, and nutrients -non-specific antimicrobial factors
43
What can cause failure of passive transfer?
*production failure -premature delivery -poor quality -leakage -agalactia -placentitis *ingestion failure -poor/inexperienced dam -abnormal teat conformation -weakness or health problems in baby *absorption failure -premature -sepsis
44
What are the characteristics of IgG tests?
*blood tests to determine antibody level -rules out failure of passive transfer *tests include: -refractometry -SNAP test -SRID
45
What is the treatment for failure of passive transfer?
*if less than 24 hours old: -give oral colostrum *if older than 24 hours: -IV plasma or serum -whole blood in cattle -need a donor
46
What are the options for caring for orphans?
*alternative mother *milk replacer -high quality -feed in bottle or bucket -provide 25 to 30% of body weight
47
What are the characteristics of creep feeding?
-1/2 to 3/4 concentrate per 100 lbs of body weight -18% protein -0.85% calcium -0.60% phosphate
48
What are the characteristics of mare and foal exercise?
-turn out into safe paddock -foals do not see wire fences well -allows foals to strengthen tendons -aids in uterine involution for mares -can allow them into pasture with other mares and foals after a few days
49
When should foals be weaned?
-when foal is consuming enough food without mother's milk -usually 3 to 6 months of age
50
How is weaning done?
*gradual: -separate mare and foal when feeding -adjacent stalls -gradually increase time separated -one day do not put back together *non-gradual: -remove foal from dam and turn foal in paddock or stall with other weaned foals
51
What should be done after weaning?
do not turn foal back in with mare; mares will allow foals to resume nursing
FA3 Reproduction
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