What are the characteristics of hydroallantosis?
-more common (90% of hydrops cases)
-rapid accumulation
-150 to 300 mL of fluid
-occurs with fetal-maternal incompatibility
-small fetus
-seen in 75% of bison crosses
-will typically occur repeatedly once a cow has it once
What are the characteristics of hydramniosis?
-accumulation of “snot and spit”
-fetal head abnormalities
-fluid accumulates slowly
-typically less fluid than hydroallantosis
-fetus is “normal” size
What are the characteristics of dropsical conditions of the fetus?
risk:
-life threatening; can cause hypovolemic shock
-guarded prognosis; better with hydramniosis
treatment:
-drain fluid slowly
-induce; open cervix and drain slowly
-c-section; should place animal on IV fluids
prognosis:
-guarded
-likely to form adhesions
-retained fetal membranes more likely
-hydroallantosis likely to recur
What are the characteristics of dropsy conditions other than hydroallantosis and hydramniosis?
-include fetal ascites, anasarca, and hydrocephalus
-often due to genetically induced abnormalities
-pressure can cause pre-pubic tendon rupture; death sentence for cow
What are the characteristics of vaginal prolapse?
-portions of vagina and cervix prolapse between vulval lips
-usually last trimester in cow and ewe
-most often with multiparous animals
-often over-conditioned w/ excess perivaginal fat
-hereditary predisposition in herefords and shorthorns
-associated with large amounts of poor quality roughage
-increased incidence of primary cervical prolapse in Bos Indicus
What are the degrees of vaginal prolapse?
First:
-intermittent protrusion of floor
-only when laying down
-tissue becomes traumatized, dehydrated, pneumovagina
Second:
-becomes persistent
-may contain the bladder
-bladder continues to fill; urination prevented
Third:
-majority of vagina, bladder, and cervix exposed continuously
Fourth:
-third degree prolapse that has been out long enough for necrosis and fibrosis to occur
How is vaginal prolapse treated?
-epidural anesthesia
-clean prolapse
-osmotic agents
-antiseptics
-elevate towards anus to evacuate bladder
-massage to replace
What are the characteristics of a Buhner stitch?
-left in until time of parturition
-replaces the constrictor vestibuli muscle
-failure to remove results in severe trauma and death of the fetus
-quick release knot
-two holes dorsally leaves suture exposed and easier to cut
-must leave space for urination
What are the characteristics of the Shoelace method for vaginal prolapse repair?
-lace with loop sutures or pig rings
-place 2 cm lateral to labia
-easy to remove
-not as secure as Buhner stitch
-must leave space for urination
What is the benefit of the Michev technique?
it does not need to be removed prior to calving
What are the characteristics of vaginal prolapse follow up and prognosis?
-must observe for calving
-may need C-section due to edema and fibrosis
-should cull unless embryo donor; slow to breed back and likely to recur
-no good permanent repair
-no relationship between vaginal prolapse (pre-partum) and uterine prolapse (post-partum)
What are the characteristics of stage 1 of labor?
-calf rotates to upright position
-uterine contractions begin
-cervix dilates
-water sac expelled
-cow is nervous, kicking at side, lying down, slightly straining
-often observed in heifers; 4 to 6 hours
-may be unnoticed in cows; 2 to 3 hours
What are the characteristics of stage 2 of labor?
-calf enters birth canal
-feet and head protrude
-calf delivery finishes
-lasts 30 to 60 minutes
-cow has frequent straining and is likely lying down
-water sac and/or calf may be visible
-discharge of fluids from cow
What are the two “normal” birth positions?
Most Common:
-headfirst
-right side up
-head and forelimbs extended
-cranial-longitudinal and dorsal-sacral
Possible:
-rear first
-caudal-longitudinal and dorsal-sacral
-hindlimbs extended
Why is it more urgent to deliver a rear-first calf quickly?
the umbilicus becomes pinched off earlier, which can cause asphyxiation
What are the characteristics of stage 3 of labor?
-caruncle attachments relax
-uterine contractions expel membranes
-cow has mild straining, membranes hanging out, and discharge of fluids
-typically 2 to 8 hours
-abnormal if longer than 12 hours
What are the characteristics of calving problems?
-15-17% of heifers and 3-5% of cows need calving assistance
-leading cause of death in cows and calves is calving
-57-67% of all calf losses are related to dystocia
-can cause delayed or missed re-breeding
What are the common causes of dystocia?
-fetal oversize
-small maternal pelvic canal
-mal-presentation/position/posture
-uterine inertia/milk fever
-failure of cervical dilation (due to uterine torsion)
How can dystocias be prevented?
-good nutrition to assure adequate body condition
-use low birth weight bulls
-pelvic measurements
-narrow calving season/better attentiveness
What should be considered in post-partum dams?
-assessing for multiple fetuses
-assessing for uterine tears
-assessing for hemorrhage
-intra-uterine medications
-oxytocin
-antibiotics
-leaving fetal membranes
What are the characteristics of uterine torsion?
-mostly recognized when parturition process fails
-rectal palpation shows extremely tight broad ligaments and “corkscrew” rotation in repro. tract
-severity depends on degree of rotation and vascular compromise
-main treatment is rolling + plank in the flank
-can attempt laparotomy and de-torsion; very difficult
How is rolling done for uterine torsion?
cow must be rolled in the same orientation as her torsion (clockwise or counter-clockwise)
What are the characteristics of c-section?
-approached from the left flank
-uterus closed using an inverting pattern
-often a standing procedure with live fetuses
-may approach ventral midline with dead fetuses
What are the characteristics of uterine involution?
-continued contractions rapidly reduce physical size of uterus
-uterus shrinks to 50% by 14 days post-partum; normal by day 30
-cervix rapidly narrows after 12 to 24 hours
-re-epithelialization after 15 to 30 days
-involution complete by 45 to 60 days
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