FA3 Reproduction > Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a neonate?

A

period of time from birth to 3 weeks
-3 weeks is around when the animal is spontaneously walking, urinating, and defecating

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2
Q

Which aspects of history are important to ask regarding the neonate?

A

-duration of illness
-ingestion of colostrum
-previous treatments
-systems check
-husbandry/environment

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3
Q

Which aspects of history are important to ask regarding the mother?

A

-C-section vs natural delivery
-history of dystocia or illness
-affected littermates

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of appropriate neonate husbandry?

A

-want to maintain proper thermoregulation/keep with mom
-keep neonates clean and dry
-have humidity around 55-65%
-ensure babies feed 6 to 8 times a day if bottle/tube feeding
-want to feed less than stomach capacity (40 mL/kg)
-warm milk to 101 deg. F

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5
Q

What is the importance of the anogenital reflex?

A

must stimulate neonates to urinate and defecate when they are not being cared for by mom

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6
Q

What is the ideal temperature for a neonate?

A

*newborn:
-85 to 90 deg.

*7 to 10 days:
-80 deg.

*4 weeks +:
-72 deg.

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7
Q

Which adaptations allow neonates to regulate their temperature?

A

-can pant at birth
-develop ability to shiver after 6 days
-have brown fat to help with thermogenesis

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8
Q

What are the basic aspects of a neonate physical exam?

A

-use basic equipment; pediatric size best
-expected findings vary with age at presentation
-look for congenital abnormalities
-want to do a general observation and hands on exam

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9
Q

What is the expected body temp. of a neonate?

A

*newborn:
-95 to 97 deg.

*2 to 3 week old:
-97 to 100 deg.

weaning:
-same temp. as adults

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10
Q

What should be assessed on neonate/pediatric physical exam?

A

-body temp
-hydration status
-mentation
-body weight + trends
-ambulation

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11
Q

What are the possible outcomes with a fontanelle?

A

-1/3 develop ventriculomegaly alone
-1/3 develop ventriculomegaly + neuro. signs
-1/3 develop neither

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12
Q

When do neonates open their eyes and ears?

A

eyes: 8 days
ears: 6 to 14 days

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13
Q

What should be assessed regarding a neonate’s mouth?

A

-potential cleft palate
-nasal discharge
-suckling reflex
-presence of foreign material

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14
Q

What are the possible dental problems seen in pediatric patients?

A

-retained deciduous teeth
-abnormal number of teeth
-abnormal occlusion
-acquired disorders

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15
Q

What is the general rule for when puppies and kittens get their teeth in?

A

-by 6 weeks for all deciduous teeth
-by 6 months for all adult teeth

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16
Q

What should be assessed regarding the integument?

A

-hair coat and footpads
-external parasites
-umbilicus
-wounds
-state of hydration; skin tent is not reliable at this age

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17
Q

What should be assessed regarding the thoracic cage?

A

-symmetry
-conformation
-possible trauma

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18
Q

How does a neonate/pediatric patient’s heart rate compare to an adult?

A

-much higher heart rate in puppies and kittens
-1st day HR is around 120 to 150 bpm
-heart rate around 150 to 220 bpm for ages 2 to 5 weeks

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19
Q

How does a neonate’s respiratory rate compare to an older patient?

A

respiratory rate is much lower in the first week compared to an adult; 8 to 18 breaths per minute

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of innocent murmurs?

A

-grades 1 through 3
-left basilar systolic
-non-progressive
-resolves on its own within 3 to 6 months
-can occur with fever, sepsis, or anemia

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of pathologic murmurs?

A

-grades 3 through 6
-longer in duration
-continuous and diastolic murmurs
-consider a cardiologist

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the abdomen in neonates/pediatrics?

A

-want to determine full and happy vs full and restless
-some abdominal fluid is normal
-stool of normal neonates should be yellowish-tan and semi-formed
-overfeeding is most common cause of diarrhea in orphans

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23
Q

What are the possible conditions that could affect the spine, tail, or limbs?

A

-scoliosis
-lordosis
-kyphosis
-spina bifida
-screwtail
-angular limb deformities

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24
Q

How is atresia ani treated?

A

requires surgical correction of the defect

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25
What are the characteristics of the external genitalia in males?
-should be descended by 4 to 6 weeks of age -considered a cryptorchid if one or both testicles have not descended by 16 weeks of age
26
How is sex determined in puppies and kittens?
-puppies on their back -kittens with tail lifted up -females have the anus and vulva closer together -males have the anus and prepucial opening further apart
27
What are the body weight trends seen in puppies?
-weight at birth depends on breed; wide range from 120 to 625 grams -should gain 5-10% of birth weight each day -weight should double by 10 to 14 days after birth
28
What are the body weight trends seen in kittens?
-should weigh around 100 grams at birth -minimal weight gain is 7-10 grams daily -weight should double 7 to 14 days after birth -should weigh at least 1 lb at 1 month of age and 2 lbs at 2 months of age -reach adult weight around 6 months
29
What are the characteristics of normal cardiopulmonary system development?
-autonomic innervation is incomplete at birth -heart is still growing/changing -same as adult by 7 months of age
30
How do neonates compare to adults in terms of cardiopulmonary system?
-lower blood pressure -lower stroke volume -lower peripheral vascular resistance -lower myocardial contractility -faster heart rate -hypoxemia leads to bradycardia instead of tachycardia
31
What are the characteristics of the respiratory system in neonates?
-reflex respiration following cutaneous stimulation -minimal response to hypoxia due to reduced sensitivity to peripheral chemoreceptors -reflex increased bronchomotor tone to hypercapnia can help decrease airway compression
32
What are the characteristics of the neonate hepatic function?
-continues to develop after birth -reduced gluconeogenesis -reduced glycogenolysis -reduced biotransformation, detoxification, and elimination
33
What are the findings on a neonate's chemistry as it relates to the liver?
-bilirubin can be mildly increased in first 72 hours -bile acids normalize by 1 to 2 weeks old -ammonia is normal by 8 weeks old -albumin is lower until about 8 weeks old -PT/PTT normal by about 8 weeks old
34
What are the characteristics of the GI tract in neonates?
-sterile at birth; colonized within days -capable of digestion at birth; particularly milk or colostrum -digestion modifies as neonate ages and starts eating solid food -stool of a normal neonate should be yellow-tan and semi-formed
35
What are the charactersitics of neonate renal function?
-nephrogenesis continues for about 3 weeks -renal blood flow and GFR increase for about 9 to 11 weeks after birth -USG normally between 1.006 and 1.017 -proteinuria normal in first 8 weeks -glucosuria normal in first 2 weeks
36
What are the characteristics of the neonate neurologic system?
-immature central and peripheral nervous system from birth until 3 weeks of age -coordination is lacking at birth -walking by 18 to 21 days -immature BBB allows for lactic acid to permeate and be used as fuel
37
Which sensory tests are used to determine normal neuro. function in pediatrics?
*rooting -strong until 2 weeks -gone at 25 days *suckling -continues until 4 weeks *anogenital reflex -continues until 3 to 4 weeks
38
What are the characteristics of passive immunity in neonates?
-90-95% is acquired through colostrum -must drink colostrum within first 24 hours -can give pooled serum orally to orphans -less than 10% is acquired transplacentally -lasts 4 to 14 weeks
39
What are the characteristics of specific immunity in pediatrics?
-response to antigen -humoral and cell-mediated -thymus increases in size
40
What are the components of nonspecific immunity?
-enzymes -complement -barriers -neutrophils -macrophages
41
What are the characteristics of pediatric blood work?
-hematocrit and PCV may be high in the first 3 days -hematocrit and PCV decrease to median value of ~ 27% at weaning -total protein/albumin is low at birth until 4 to 6 months -WBC count may be high at birth -blood glucose will be low normal in first 3 days in puppies -blood glucose will be high in first 3 days in kittens -serum phosphorus, calcium, thyroxine, and ALP are often elevated -BUN and creatinine are lower
42
What is the appropriate amount of blood that can be drawn from a puppy or kitten?
10% of blood volume (blood volume is ~ 7% of body weight)
43
Why are neonates predisposed to dehydration?
-higher maintenance fluid requirements -decreased urine concentrating ability -less mobile and more reliant on nutrition
44
What are the characteristics of fluid therapy in pediatrics/neonates?
-maintenance rates vary; 60 to 180 ml/kg/day -cannot accomodate volume overload; monitor body weight carefully -want to use warm fluids -IV is ideal; can also do oral or intra-osseous
45
Which fluids are used in pediatrics?
-lactated ringers -normal saline -normosol R -5% dextrose
46
What is an appropriate fluid plan for a dehydrated pediatric patient?
-30 to 40 ml/kg bolus in a puppy -20 to 30 ml/kg bolus in a kitten -follow with 80 to 100 ml/kg/day
47
Which treatment considerations affect how pediatric patients are treated?
-increased total body water -decreased albumin -immature BBB -cardiovascular immaturity -decreased renal clearance -decreased hepatic metabolism -decreased gastric emptying -increased absorption of topicals -less muscle and fat
48
What are the potential causes of hypoglycemia in pediatrics?
-hypothermia -fasting/stress -nutritional deficiency -hepatic disease -bacteremia/septicemia -vomiting/diarrhea -decreased response to counter-regulatory hormones
49
What are the signs of hypoglycemia?
-weak -crying -bradycardia -seizures -hypothermia -depression -syncope
50
What is the treatment for hypoglycemia?
-oral syrup -IV 50% dextrose; 1 ml/kg bolus diluted 1:4 -5% dextrose continuous IV -frequent feeding -identify underlying cause -avoid over supplementation
51
What are the ports of entry for septicemia?
-GI tract -peritoneal cavity/umbilicus -resp. tract -skin/wounds -urinary tract
52
What are the predisposing factors to septicemia?
-lack of colostrum -inadequate nutrition -other infections -hypothermia -immune defects
53
What are the clinical signs of septicemia?
-death -coma -vocalization -resp. difficulty -cyanosis -hematuria -hypothermia -dehydration -sloughing of extremities
54
What is the treatment for septicemia?
-supportive care -IV fluids -warming -oxygen -dextrose -plasma/serum -antibiotics
55
Which drugs are safe in pediatrics?
-ampicillin/amoxicillin -pyrantel pamoate -fenbendazole -reversible narcotics -kaolin antidiarrheals -sucralfate
56
Which drugs should be avoided in pediatrics?
-enrofloxacin -chloramphenicol -warfarin -diethylstilbesterol -estradiol -propanolol
57
What are the potential causes of hypothermia?
-increased body surface area to mass ratio -immature thermoregulatory mechanisms -no shivering reflex until six days old -rely on mother and littermates; absence predisposes
58
What can hypothermia result in?
-bradycardia -decreased suckling -malnutrition and hypoglycemia
59
What is the treatment for hypothermia?
-warm slowly over 1 to 3 hours -possible oxygen and/or dextrose -warmed IV fluids -keep patient dry -due not feed until temp. is up; ileus occurs when hypothermic and can lead to aspiration pneumonia
60
What are the characteristics of failure to thrive?
-many different causes -usually die within first few days of life -born apparently healthy before fading and dying before weaning
61
What are the characteristics of neonatal isoerythrolysis?
-immune-mediated destruction of kitten's erythrocytes by its mother's antibodies -kittens are born healthy; ingest maternal IgG in colostrum and become sick within hours -kittens of blood type A or AB receive anti-A allo-antibodies from type B queen -response to treatment varies with amount and timing of ingested antibodies -prevention is key; blood type and remove kittens from mom if needed
62
What are the characteristics of necropsy?
-should be done if a neonate dies to determine the cause -especially important if other littermates are ill
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