- Which neuron is responsible for relative reward preference?
A. Ventral tegmental neuron
B. Orbitofrontal neuron
C. Putamen neuron
D. Caudate neuron
B. Orbitofrontal neuron
Ventral tegmental neuron – reward predicting
Putamen neuron – reward expectation
Caudate neuron – rewarded and unrewarded movements
- In the study by Kristjansson et al. (2010) of reward influences “pop-out” during visual search, which is the correct order of priming effect (from highest to lowest)?
A. High likely, high received; high likely, low received; low likely, high received; low likely, low received
B. High likely, high received; low likely, high received; high likely, low received; low likely, low received
C. Low likely, low received; high likely, low received; low likely, high received; high likely, high received
D. Low likely, high received; high likely, low received; high likely, high received; low likely, low received
A. High likely, high received; high likely, low received; low likely, high received; low likely, low received
- Participants during the test phase, in the study of Anderson et al. (2011), were slowest in detecting the target when…
A. The high reward is presented
B. The low reward is presented
C. Both are presented
D. Neither are presented
C. Both are presented
- The symptom of unilateral spatial neglect is most common and severe after damage to which part of the brain?
A. Occipital lobe
B. Temporal lobe
C. Parietal lobe
D. Prefrontal lobe
C. Parietal lobe
- A study by Lucas et al. (2013) investigated the effect of rewarding contralesional targets in a visual search task with unilateral spatial neglect patients. Which of the following statements INCORRECTLY describe the results from this study:
A. Healthy participants in the symmetrical condition showed no bias to either side.
B. Healthy participants in the asymmetrical condition showed no bias to either side.
C. Neglect patients in the symmetrical condition were strongly biased to the right side
D. Neglect patients in the asymmetrical condition were influenced by the position of the reward contingencies (as they were moved towards the right side).
B. Healthy participants in the asymmetrical condition showed no bias to either side.
Bias towards the left side
- In the study that investigated dopamine neuron response to reward in monkeys, the ventral tegmental neuron fired maximally when…
A. The monkey touched the food B. The monkey anticipated the food C. The reward was absent D. All of the above E. None of the above
A. The monkey touched the food
- What is the reward “prediction error”?
A. The reward predicted must be the same as the reward obtained for learning to occur
B. The reward predicted must be different than the reward obtained for learning to occur
C. No prediction of reward is needed for learning to occur
D. None of the above
B. The reward predicted must be different than the reward obtained for learning to occur
- The reward circuit area in the brain responsible for planning and judgement is
A. The amygdala
B. The striatum
C. The frontal cortex
D. The nucleus accumbens
C. The frontal cortex
Amygdala is the conditioned effects/emotions
- When in the reward circuit process will dopamine levels be at its highest peak
A. When one is expecting a reward and the reward is received
B. In pure anticipation of a reward
C. When one is expecting a reward and the reward is not received
D. None of the above
A. When one is expecting a reward and the reward is received
- In a visual search task, where green stimuli are associated with a high reward and red stimuli are associated with a low reward, how will subjects perform in subsequent trials?
A. Subjects will respond faster to both green and red stimuli
B. Subjects will respond slower to both green and red stimuli
C. Subjects will respond slower to green stimuli and faster to red stimuli
D. Subjects will respond faster to green stimuli and slower to red stimuli
C. Subjects will respond slower to green stimuli and faster to red stimuli
- Which area of the visual processing circuit shows a significant increase in brain activity when responding to a stimulus associated with high reward?
A. V1
B. V2
C. V3
D. Primary visual cortex (higher visual cortex)
D. Primary visual cortex (higher visual cortex)
- Which of the following is correct?
A. The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in relative reward value and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in goal representation
B. Dopamine neurons are involved in reward prediction and the striatum and medial temporal cortex are involved in reward detection
C. Dopamine neurons are involved in reward prediction and the striatum and lateral temporal cortex are involved in reward detection
D. The dorsolateral prefrontal, premotor and occipital cortex are involved in goal representation
B. Dopamine neurons are involved in reward prediction and the striatum and medial temporal cortex are involved in reward detection
- New learning occurs when:
A. The prediction error is positive
B. The reward is predicted and unsurprising
C. You think you are responding incorrectly and you do respond incorrectly
D. There is a negative prediction error
A. The prediction error is positive
- In an fMRI attentional cue task conducted by Weil et al:
A. The % signal change in neural activity for rewarded minus non-rewarded trials were large in V1,2, 3 and 4 visual areas
B. The proportion correct was significantly higher in the easy trials when high reward vs when a low reward was offered
C. The proportion correct was significantly higher in the difficult trials when high reward vs when a low reward was offered
D. Brain activity was identical in ipsilateral and contralateral brain areas
B. The proportion correct was significantly higher in the easy trials when high reward vs when a low reward was offered
- What type of reinforcement would cause you to decrease the frequency of behaviour leading to a negative encounter and increase the frequency of behaviour leading to their avoidance?
A. Negative reinforcement
B. Positive reinforcement
C. Positive and negative reinforcement
D. None of the above
A. Negative reinforcement
- Which part of the brain is NOT involved in the reward circuit of the brain?
A. nucleus accumbens,
B. ventral tegmentum
C. Hippocampus
D. amygdala and striatum
C. Hippocampus
- How do dopamine concentrations change with expectation of reward.
A. They decrease
B. They do not change
C. They fluctuate
D. They increase
D. They increase
- Monetary rewards have been shown to do what?
A. Increase reaction times
B. Decrease reaction times
C. Have no effect
D. None of the above
A. Increase reaction times
- Which one of these clinical tests is used to diagnose people with spatial neglect?
A. EEG
B. Circle cancelation
C. Drawing from memory
D. B and C
D. B and C
- Patients with no reward effects have damage in which part of the brain?
A. Putamen
B. Amygdala
C. Hippocampus
D. Cerebellum
A. Putamen
