1
Q
What is the Positivity Ratio ?
A
3:1
For every negative emotional experience, you need to experience at least 3 postive emotional experiences
2
Q
Who first noticed the fight or flight and rest and digest pattern ?
A
Walter B. Cannon
3
Q
Which nervous system causes a fight or flight response ?
A
Sympathetic
4
Q
Which nervous system casues a rest and digest response ?
A
Parasympathetic
5
Q
Are both nervous system’s acroused in a situation ?
A
Most situations evoke a combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic arousal
6
Q
What are the 4 components to an emotional response ?
A
- Cognition
- Feelings
- Behavioural
- Physiological
7
Q
What is Pure Autonomic Failure ?
A
The autonomic nervous system completely ceases activity
8
Q
What occurs during PAF ?
A
- Report feeling same emotions, but less intensely
- no change in heart rate, sweating, etc when it comes to emotional stimuli
- emotions becomes situational (i.e., feeling angry because situation calls for anger)
- damage to ganglion cells
9
Q
What does damage to the right somatosensory cortex cause ?
A
Typical autonomtic responses but lack subjective experience
10
Q
What does damage to the prefrontal cortex cause ?
A
Weak autonomic responses but normal subjective responses
11
Q
What does physciological responses increase ?
A
Physiological responses increase emotional intensity
e,g., A horror movie in a cold room is more scarier and you feel more anger when standing than lying down
12
Q
What is embodied ?
A
Perceptions of body’s action contribute to your emotions
13
Q
What is the facial-feedback hypothesis ?
A
Smiling will make you feel happier, and frowning may make you feel unhappier
14
Q
What did the pencil experiment want to test ?
A
That forming a facial expression stregnthens the internal feeling of that expression
15
Q
What does botox do ?
A
- blocks tranmissions at synapses and nerve-muscle junctions
- influences emotions - unable to move face
- exhibit a slower response time and weaker emotional responses after watching a emotional clip/video
16
Q
What is Mobius Syndrome ?
A
Underdeveloped 6th and 7th cranial nerves
17
Q
What occurs in M.S ?
A
- Lack of facial expression
- crossed eyes
- inability to smile/move head
- cannot move faical muscles to make a smile but still express “feeling” happy
18
Q
What are the 6 basic expressions of emotion ?
A
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Fear
- Surprise
- Disgust
- Anger
19
Q
What did Darwin state about emotions ?
A
- Facial expression of emotion as innate
- They are a unlearned response that…a set of movements on the face
20
Q
What was stated in the cross-cultural context of emotions ?
A
Very similar facial expressions for the same emotion across cultures
21
Q
How are emotions expressed ?
A
Emotion is expressed in a face-body-voice pattern
22
Q
What did Heijnsbergen & de Gelder (2005) look at ?
A
Congruent vs incongruent expressions of emotion influence on reaction time
23
Q
What did Heijnsbergen & de Gelder find ?
A
People were worse at recognizing expressions of emotions on incongruent trials
* incongruent - when body language did not match facial expression
24
Q
What is the limbic system ?
A
The forebrain areas that surround the thalamus
25
What is the limibic system **known for** ?
Traditionally known for being critical for emotion
26
What is the **only emotions** that depends on **one brain region** ?
Disgust - insula
27
What are basic emotions as **continuous dimensions** ?
Representing basic emotions within a dimensional framework
* rating emotions: negative or positive
* arousal: low and high
28
How are basic emotions **represented** as **continious dimensions** ?
3 dimensions
1. pleasure vs displeasure ("polarity)
2. Intensity (strength of emotions)
3. Complexity (degree at which the emotion is in conflict)
29
Where are the 3 dimensions **located** ?
Right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)
30
What occurs in the Behavioural **Activation** System (BAS) ?
* Low to moderate autonomic arousal
* Tendency to approach
* Left hemisphere activation of frontal and temporal lobe
31
What occurs in the Behavioural **Inhibition** System (BIS) ?
* Increased attention and arousal
* Social withdraw, fear, and disgust
* Right hemisphere activation of frontal lobe and temporal lobe
32
What is the **right hemisphere important** for ?
More important for emotion recognition and emotion expression
33
What are the **functions** of emotions ?
Adaptive Behaviours
* Fear - escape
* Anger - attack
* Disgust - avoid
Guide for making quick decision
* Moral decisions
34
What is the **Trolly Dilemma** ?
A runaway trolley is headed toward five people on a track. The only way you can prevent their death is to switch the trolley onto another track, where it will kill one person. Would it be right to pull the switch ?
35
What are the **two aspects** brought up by the Trolly Dilemma ?
Ulitarian Aspect
* 5 people will die
Emotional Aspect
* How you would feel performing the action
36
What are the **emotional and ulitarian** aspect governed by ?
Ventromedial PFC - active when comparing ulitarian and emotional aspects
37
Where does the **neuronal underpinnings of specific emotions occur** ?
In the amygdala
38
What **happens** in the **amygdala** ?
* Lateral nucleus received info from other parts of the brain like the thalamus or hippocampus
* Then sends the info the the central nuclues directly and through the basa; and accessory basal (?)
39
What are the **two** views on fear ?
* innate vs learned stimuli
* stratle reflex vs CER
40
What is the **most basic form of emotional learning** ?
Conditioned emotional respense (CER)
41
How is **fear learned** ?
Learning occurs through enhanced amygadala activation
42
What is the **amygadala involved in** ?
Involved in emotional response to fear
43
What occurs in the **amygdala fear circuit** ?
1. Fearful input
2. Goes to visual thalamus
3. Then visual cortex
4. Then to the aymgdala through the visual cortex and thalamus
5. Then from the amygdala, the SNS gets activated initiated a flight or fight response
44
When does the **amygdala respond more strongly** ?
The amygdala responds most strongly when a facial expression is difficult to interpret
45
Where does **amygdala activity increase** ?
Increase amygdala activity in highly reactive people
46
What **does not occur** when the amygdala is **damaged**?
It does not result in loss of emotion
* can classify emotional pictures
* expereicne little arousal from viewing unpleasant photos
47
What is **Urbach-Wiethe disease**?
Rare genetic condition that casues calcium to build up in the amygdala until it wastes away
48
What is the **SM Case Study** ?
* Experiences fearlessness that is dangerous to her
* Reports feeling angry but not afraid in response to these incidents
* Unable to recognize fear or disgust, or report reduced intensity
* Willing to undergo CO2 challenge again without a second thought
49
What did SM **show** ?
* When asked to draw the pirmary emotions, was unable to draw a facial expression of fear but was able to depict fear by body languge (drew a baby)
* Was able to identiy fear as an emotion improved
50
When is the **insular cortex activated** ?
Activated when looking at disgusting pictures or faical expression of someone expressing disgust
51
What occurs when the **insula is damaged** ?
Damage to the insula results in inability to experience and recognize disgust
52
What did **experimentation with testosterone in women show** ?
* Effects of testosterone on behaviour depends on context (threat vs no-threat)
* More time looking at angry faces and dominant behaviour
53
What does **aggresive behaviour depend on** ?
Testosterone
54
What are **males more likely to do than females** ?
Males are more likely to fight than females, commit more violent crimes, and shout more insults
* more testosterone = more aggression in males
55
What were the **results on experimentation with testosterone in men** ?
The results were unimpressive and also behaviour depends on context (threat vs no-threat)
56
What are the **2 reasons for aggresive behaviour** ?
1. Reproduction behaviours - getting access to mate
2. Defensive behaviours - defending resources
57
What are the **important players in aggression** ?
* Amygdala
* vmPFC - less activation, less control
* Serotonergic system - release of serotonin
58
What is **involved in the Serotonergic system** ?
* Enabling synaptic connection inhibit aggressive behaviour
* Destruction of synaptic connection increases aggressive behaviour
* Lower serotonin turnover (release and re-synthesis of 5HT)
59
What did **Howell et al (2007) look at** ?
5-HIAA (5-hydroxy-indol-acetic acid) in CSF
60
What did **Howell et all find** ?
Increased aggression and risk behaviour in low 5-HIAA
61
What does **Low 5-HT turnover link to** ?
* Recurrent violent behaviour
* Suicide by violent means
* s variant of 5HT transporter gene and more violent suicide
62
What did **drug studies look at** ?
SSRI (Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) and decreased aggression
63
What did **imaging studies with 5HT transporter gene find** ?
s carriers show higher rate of activity in right amygdala in response to angry/fearful faces, compared to L carriers
64
How wass **gene x enviornment in relation to aggression looked at**?
MAOa (Low vs High)
* Metabolism of neurotransmitter
* MAO: mono amine oxidate
65
What did the **Caspi study look at** ?
MAOa gene and childhood maltreatment on anti-social behaviour
66
What did the **Caspi study find** ?
That low activity of the MAOa gene caused aggression
67
How is **happiness studied** ?
Hapiness can be studied through the emotion of compassion
68
What goes **against eachother** in regards to **happiness** ?
BAS vs BIS
69
Which **behavioual system** causes **more happiness**?
more BAS increases happiness
70
What did the **Sato et al study look at** ?
* 51 Japenese men and women
* Rating from Subjective Happiness Scale and Emotion Intensity Scale
71
What did the **Sato et al study find** ?
MRI Restuls: Greater volume of right precuneus in happy individuals
72
What is **childhood maltreatment** ?
Emotional, physical, sexual abuse, or neglect of children
73
What did **Masten et al** study involve?
Maltrated 8-15 year old children were presented with a set of facial expression that slowly morph from happy to fearful
74
What did the **Matsen et al study find** ?
Children with a history of maltreatment show faster reaction times to fearful faces and are quicker to detect subtle forms of negative expression when compared to children who are not maltreated
75
What are **mirror neurons** ?
A neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another
* parietal lobe; ppfc
76
What is **neurofeedback** ?
* Learning-based, non-invasive therapy modality
* Receive real-time feedback about their brain activity
* Shows patients brain functioning - helps change learned patterns activity
Biopsychology
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