Biopsychology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does learning mean ?

A

Process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behaviour

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2
Q

What is the relationship b/w learning and memory ?

A
  • Linked
  • Typically studied together
  • to remmeber what you learn it has to be coded
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3
Q

Who pioneered classical conditioning ?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning ?

A

Type of conditioning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one which evokes an automatic response
* these two stimuli changes the response to one of them

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5
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus ?

A

stimulus that intially elicits no response

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6
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus ?

A

stimulus that automatically elicits a unconditioned response

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7
Q

What is a unconditioned response ?

A

Response automatically evoked by a unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

What is a conditioned response ?

A

response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned response

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9
Q

Who is the Father of Behaviourism ?

A

John B. Watson

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10
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

All behaviour are acquired through conditioning

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11
Q

Who is the Mother of Behaviour Therapy ?

A

Mary Cover Jones

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12
Q

What is extinction ?

A

the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

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13
Q

What was the Case of Peter (1924) study?

A
  • Peter was 2 yrs and 10 months and was scared of white rats
  • A white rabbit was shown to him and elicited fear
  • A white rabbit was shown again and then was tied to the food that he liked and this reduced his fear
  • Direct conditioning (a.k.a., desensitization) - end of experiment Peter has a postiive response
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14
Q

What was Pavlov’s proposal ?

A

After training, excitation in CS center flows to UCS center, which elicits the same response as UCS

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15
Q

What occurs before traning ?

A

Initially, the UCS excites the UCS center, which excites the UCR center. The CS excites the CS center, which elicits no response of interest

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16
Q

What is an engram ?

A

Physical representation of what has been learned

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17
Q

Who looked at localization with engrams ?

A

Karl Lashley

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18
Q

What did Lashley reason ?

A

Reasoned that if memories were connections between brain areas, they could be severed with a knife

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19
Q

What did Lashley test this one ?

A

Lashley trained rats on mazes and takss, then made cuts to the cortex to try to disrupt performance

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20
Q

What did Lashley find ?

A

Cuts did not impair performance
* Learning did not depend on connections across the cortex

Learning did not depend on a single area in the cotex
* Taking out a chunk of cotex impaired performance, but it was about the chunk take, not the cortical area itself

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21
Q

What are the two principles that Lashley proposed ?

A
  1. Equipotentiality
  2. Mass action
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22
Q

What is equipotentiality ?

A

All parts of the cotex contrubute equally to complex functioning behaviours (e.g., learning) and any part can substitue for any other

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23
Q

What is mass action?

A

The cortex works as a whole and more cortex is better

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24
Q

Who conducted the modern search for the engram ?

A

Richard F. Thompson

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25
What did **Thompson study** ?
Studied classical conditioning of eyelid responses in rabbits
26
What were the **CS, UCS, and UCR-CR in Thompson's study** ?
* CS: Tone * UCS: Air-Puff (to rabits eye) * UCR-CR: Eye-blink
27
What was **presented to help figure out this location** ?
A sequence of brain areas from the sensory receptors to motor neurons controlling the muscles Sensory -A-B-C-D-E-F- Muscles
28
How does this **sequence work** ?
E.G: If D is in charge of learning, damage to either A,B, or C will prevent learning by blocking the input to D. Damage to E or F will prevent learning by blocking output from D * damage essentially will impair or eliminate a learned response - breaks connections * D must be active at the time of learning and so does A,B, and C * Learning should not require E and F
29
Which **brain area is essential for learning** ?
Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) * located in the cerebellum
30
What did **research find on the LIP** ?
* When LIP was surpressed training had no effect * But when it recovered, rabit learned at the same speed as animals that had received no previous training
31
What is the **red nucleus** ?
a midbrain mortor area that received input from the cerebellum
32
What occured when the **red nucleus was surpressed** ?
Learning was still occuring in LIP
33
What occured when **the red nucleus recovered** ?
Learned and able to send it
34
What was the **overall results of the study** ?
* Learning is instantiated in the lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) * Red nucleus is required to demonstrate the learning (i.e., execute the eye blink)
35
Who is the **founder of Operant (Intrumental) Conditioning** ?
BF Skinner
36
What are the **two things involved in operant conditioning** ?
1. Reinforcement 2. Punishment
37
What is **reinforment** ?
Increases the occurence of a response
38
What is **positive** reinforcement ?
Desreiable stimulus added to increase the liklihood of behaviour i.e.,: Giving a child a sticker; allowance for doing chores
39
What is **negative reinforcement** ?
Undesireable stimulus is removed to increase the likelihood of a behaviour i.e.: taking chores away for doing good on a test
40
What is **punishment** ?
Decreases the occurence of a response
41
What is **positive punishment** ?
Unpleasant stimulus that is added to decrease the liklihood of a behaviour i.e.: spanking, scolding a child
42
What is **negative** punishment ?
Desrieable stimulus remvoed to decrease the. likelihood of a behaviour i.e.: removing toys, video games
43
What is **continuous** reinforcement ?
The desired behaviour is reinfocred every single time it occurs example: traning your dog to sit with biscuits
44
What is **intermittent** reinforcement ?
Once the response is established, the response is reinfoced only part of the time i.e.,: getting paid every two weeks, giving a chilf screentime following a tantrum sometimes
45
What **two things fall within intermittent reinforcement** ?
* Fixed-ratio or Variable ratio (# responses) * Fixed-interval or Variable interval (amount of time)
46
What are the **two main differences between operant and classical conditioning** ?
1. One is responsive (CC) and one is voluntary (OC) 2. Order * Behaviour before stimulus (OC) * Stimulus before behaviour (CC)
47
How does **operant conditioning** work in the **brain** ?
* Depends on the type ( positive/negative or reinforcement/punishment) * Positive Reinforcement occurs in the brains reward system
48
What is **statistical** learning ?
The ability to perceive and learn regulairites e.g: in language, such as the speech soudns that compromise a word
49
What develops **early** regarding changes in **statistical learning** ?
* Caudate * Putamen * Primary sensory
50
What develops **late** regarding changes in **statistical learning** ?
* Inferior temporal * Middle temporal * Hippocampus
51
What is **perceptual** learning ?
Learning to recognize things
52
What does **perceptual** learning **involve** ?
Involves perceptual changes from practice or experience
53
What are the **mechanisms** used in **perceptual** learning ?
* Attention weighting * Imprinting * Differentiation * Unitization
54
What is **relational** learning ?
Involves learning the temporal and spatial relationships among objects and events
55
What are the details of **Short Term Memory** ?
* Limited cpacity * Fades without rehearsal * Usually more contextual detail than LTM
56
What are the details of **Long Term Memory (LTM)** ?
* Unlimited capacity * Indefinite storage time * Stimulated with cue/hint, unlike STM
57
What is **consolidation** ?
Action or process of. making something stronger in your LTM * repetition, giving something meaning and associatiate it with prior knowledge * occurs from STM to LTM
58
What **brain areas** are associtated with **memory** ?
Medial Temporal Lobe * Hippocampus * Basal Ganglia
59
What is the **hippocampus vital for** ?
Vital for declarative/episodic memory
60
When is the **hippocampus active** ?
* Memory formation * Memory recall * Imagining future events
61
What is the **hippocampus important for** ?
Important for visual spatial memory
62
What **cells** does the **hippocampus** have ?
Cells responsible for spatial memory
63
What are the **names of the cells** located in the **hippocampus** ?
Place Cells and Time Cells
64
What do **Place and Time cells do** ?
Fire in resoinse to spatial locations and temporal information
65
What is the name of the **cells located in the ERC** ?
Grid cells
66
What do **Grid Cells do** ?
hexagonal grid forming a coordinated system that allows for spatial navigation
67
What is the **Basal Ganglia involved in** ?
Involved in **implicit learning** of patterns and habits
68
What is the **anatomy of the basal ganglia** ?
Straitum * Dorasal striatum - Caudate nucleus & Putamen * Ventral striatum - Nucleus accumbens & Olfactory tubercle
69
What is **semantic memory** ?
Object knowledge learned over many interactions
70
What is **episodic memory** ?
Memory for specific events that you have experienced
71
What is **explicit** memory ?
Conscious
72
What is **implicit** memory ?
Unconscious
73
What is **declarative** memory?
Facts and events
74
What is **procedural** memory ?
Skills and tasks i.e: how to ride a bike
75
What is **autobiographical** memory ?
The imformation and memories individuals accumulate that creates a unique idenitty and a person sense of continuity
76
How are **brain patterns during memory** ?
Similar to perception
77
What are the **two components of memory** ?
* Episodic (specific personal events) * Semantic (general world knowledge)
78
How is **autobiographical memory seen in the brain** ?
* More connectivity between the hippocampus and visual processing when recalling episodic memories (left precuneus) * The hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex are involed in semantic memory
79
What are some **disorders of memory** ?
* Amnesia * Severely Deficient Autobiographical Memory (SDAM) * Korasakoff's syndrome * Dementia
80
What is **retrograde** amnesia?
Can't remember life before the injury
81
What is **anterograde** amnesia ?
Can't make new memories
82
What was done to **Henry Molaison aka HM** ?
His hippocampus was removed
83
What happened to **HM**?
Bilateral medial temporal lobe removed * Severe anterograde amnesia - No new episodic memories * Some retrgrade amnesia Working memory intact * Inability to form new memories - explicit/episodic Procedural learning intact
84
What is **infantile amnesia** ?
The inability of humans to remeber episodic expriences that occured during the first few years of like (generally 0-3)
85
What **explains** infantile amnesia ?
Immaturity of hippocampal system * Critical period - hippocampus is highly responsive to environmental expreriences might impede storage of episodic details Input of experiences causes hippocampal system to mature and develop
86
What occurs in **SDAM** ?
Healthy people report a failure to reexperience or recollect specifc events from their past, although their memory for factual information about themselves and the world is intact
87
What is **aphantasia** ?
Inability to visualize in the minds eye
88
What is involved in **Korsakoff's syndrome** ?
* Thaimine deficiency * Loss of neural activity throughout the brain, especially dorsomedial thalamus * Hallmark: confabulation ("honest lying")
89
What is involved in **Dementia** ?
* Semantic Dementia: Anterior temporal cortex * Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): Frontol and anterior temporal * Alzheimers Disease: Hippocampus
Biopsychology
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