1
Q
How is information exhanched between hemispheres ?
A
- The corpus callosum
- The anterior commisure
- The hippocampal commissure
- A few other small commissures
2
Q
What does the corpus callosum allow ?
A
Allows each hemisphere of the brain access information from both sides
3
Q
How do the hemispheres communicate with the body ?
A
The hemispheres communicates with the rest of the bosy controlaterally
* left - right
* right - left
4
Q
What does the left hemisphere connect ?
A
Left hemisphere connect to skin receptors and muscles on the right side of the body and vice versa
5
Q
What is the left side specialized for ?
A
In most humans, the left side is specialized for language
6
Q
What section in the temporal cortex is larger for some people ?
A
The planum temporale (Wernicke’s Area) is larger in the left side for 65% of people
7
Q
Who activates the right hemisphere more ?
A
Young children activate the right hemisphere during speech more than adults do
* As they grow older, most of them gradually surpress the right hemisphere during speeach and emphasize the left hemisphere
8
Q
What are the visual connections to the hemispheres
A
- Each hemisphere of the brain gets input from the opposite half of the visual field
- The left half of each retina connect to the left hemisphere ( sees the right visual field)
- The right half of each retina connects to the right hemisphere (sees the left visual field)
9
Q
What are the auditory connections to the hemispheres ?
A
- Each ear sends the information to both sides of the brain
- Brain areas must compare input from both ears for localization
- Each hemisphere does pay more attention to the ear on the opposite side
10
Q
What does damaage to the courpus callosum cause ?
A
Damage tothe corpus callosum prevents the hemispheres from exchanging information
11
Q
What is epilepsy ?
A
Condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity
12
Q
What is the focus ?
A
The point in the brain where the seizures begin
13
Q
What does cutting the corpus callsoum cause ?
A
- Restircts the seizure to one hemisphere
- A surprising bonus was that the seizures became less frequent
14
Q
What are the outcomes of a split brain operation ?
A
- Maintain normal intellect and motivation
- Still able to walk and talk
- But they tend to use hands independently
15
Q
What occurs in most split brain people ?
A
Have difficulty naming objects briefly viewed in the left visual field since the left side of the brain is dominant for language
16
Q
How can a small amount of information be transferred ?
A
A small amount of information can still be transferred via smaller comissures
17
Q
What are these two commissures ?
A
- The Anterior commissure
- The Hippocampal commissures
18
Q
Who proposed the left brain as a interpreter ?
A
Gazzaniga
19
Q
What did Gazzaniga mean by interpreter ?
A
Tendency to invent and depend explanations for actions, even when true causes are unconscious
20
Q
What is the right hemisphere more adept to ?
A
Right hemisphere is more adept at comprehending spatial relationships
* Helps see the “big picture”
* Helps relate what one hears to the overall context
21
Q
What is the left hemisphere important for ?
A
Left hemisphere is important for understaning speech
* rules based, details
22
Q
What can damage to the right hemisphere cause ?
A
Damage to the right hemisphere casues difficulty perceiving other’s emotions, failure to understand humour and sarcasm, and a monotone voice
23
Q
What occurs when both hemispheres are inactive ?
A
- Left hemisphere: cannot speak
- Right hemisphere: can describe traumatic or emotional expereinces but don’t remember feeling the emotion
24
Q
How did language evolve ?
A
- Language may have evolved from communication by gestures
- Brain-based language development theories
- Not really known
25
What does **research suggest** in regards to **learning a language** ?
Research suggests a sensitive period exists for the learning of language
* Lac of early language exposure can lead to permanent impairment
26
How does learning a **second language** differ ?
Ease of learning a second language differes with age
* Adults are better at memorizing vocabulary
* Children excel at learning pronunciation and unfamiliar aspects of grammar
27
What occurs during the sensitive period and **bilingualism** ?
* No sharp cutoff exists for second language learning
* Those who begin after age 12 rearely gain fleuncy equal to a native speaker
* Most people who are bilingual from a young age show bilateral activity during speech for both lanugages
* Second language learners after age 6 tend to show only left hemisphere activity
* Hemispheric control of second language comprehension is variable
28
What are the **two important areas for Language** ?
* Broca's area
* Wernicke's area
29
What occurs in **Wernicke's aphasia**?
* Fluent aphasia: Characterized by impaired language comprehension and inability to remember object names
* Recognition of items is often not impaired, ability to find words is impaired
* Cognition is fully intact; just language is impaired
30
What are the **typical characteristics** of Wernicke's aphasia ?
* Articulate/fluent speech - say words randomly
* Anomia: difficulty finding the right word
* Poor language comprehension - Difficulty understadning speech, writing, and sign language
31
What occurs in **Broca's aphasia**?
* Serious impairment in laguage production
* Slow and awkward with all forms of language communication
* May omit grammatical words and endings because speech is a struggle
* Anomia: know what they want to say but struggle to get it out
* Trouble understadning the same kinds of words that they omit when speaking and misunderstand complex sentences
* Rely on logical guessing
32
Who was the **person who's brain was looked at having Broca's aphasia** ?
"Tan" (1861)
* Victor Leborngne
* Chronic language impairment; only able to say "tan"
* Damage to left, posterior frontal lobe
* Was able to sing popular French anthems and swear
33
Who looked at **treatments for aphasia that included singing** ?
Charles Karsnur Mills (1904)
34
What did Mills find ?
Unable to trasnfer the words in songs to proposotional speech
* Too strongly connected to the melody
35
Who came up with **Musical Intonation Therapy** ?
Robert Sparks, Nancy Helm & Martin Albert (1974)
36
What are the **steps** involved in **MIT** ?
1. Humming while tapping hand
2. Intoning sentence while tapping hand
3. Unison intoning while tapping
4. Unison intoning while fading
5. Immediate repetition
6. Time delay repetition (6 sec)
7. Time delay probe questions
37
What are the **critiques** of MIT ?
* Unknown mechanisms of action
* Hemisphereic differentiation and melody ( pitch; right hemisphere and can help reactivate left hemisphere)
* Rhythm (but what about emtional speech, like sarcasm)
* Additional psychosocial impact of motivation, mood, and arousal
38
What are the benefits of **group singing and wellbeing** ?
* Expand social network
* Improve psychological well being through increased social connectivity
* Increase pain tolerance
* Reduce stress, seen through a reduction in coritsol
* Synchronization of Heart Rate Variability (amount of time between heart beat fluctuations)
39
What is the **Neuronal Recycling Hypothesis** ?
The brain repurposed brain systems that evolved to do other things and uses them to do reading and math
40
When was first form of **reading** created ?
~3500 BC (scrolls and pages by the Egyptians)
41
When was the first form of **math** created ?
~3000 BC (system of nephrology)
42
What occurs in the **dorsal/decoding pathway** ?
IFG - PrG - SMG-ANG-STG
* IFG- inferior frontal gyrus; stores and sequences speech
* PrG- Precentral gyrus; controls articulation
* SMG- Supramarginal gyrus; links letters and speech
* ANG- angular gyrus; processes meaning
* STG- superior temporal gyrus; processes speech
43
What occurs in the **ventral/sight recognition pathway** ?
IFG-OT-MTG
* OT- occipito-temporal region; letter & word recognition
* MTG- middle temporal gyrus; processes sight words and meaning
44
What is **dyslexia** ?
Specific reading impairment
* More common in boys
* High heritability though no common genetic variant has a large effect
* Occurs in all languages
* Diffculty converting words into sounds
45
What **abnormalities** occur with **dyslexia** ?
Abnoirmalities in the **left hemisphere**
* Visual word form area responds less strognly to words and more strongly to other objects
* Some have problems with poor auditory memory
* Some have impaired eye movements
46
Waht **type** of disorder is **dyslexia** ?
Heterogeneous Disorder
47
When did **Hindu-Arabic numerals originate** ?
origanted ~6th or ~7th century in India
* #'s aren't rooted in a language systen
48
Where is the **Verbal Word form located** ?
Frontal lobe
* IFG
* SMG
* MTG
* STG
49
Where is the **Visual number form area (VNFA)** located?
Temporal lobe
* Ventral Visual Stream
50
Where is the **Abstract magnitude** located ?
Parietal Lobe
* process magnitude and quantities
* Intraparietal sulcus
* PS parietal lobule
* Angular gyrus
51
When does the **angular gyrus appear** ?
Comes up whenever youre dealing with numbers and it also combines different format labels for a abstract concept
52
What do **non-numerical magnitude regions** look at ?
* Size
* Duration
* Length
* Luminace
53
What do **numerical magnitude regions** look at ?
Symbolic (e.g., '3' and 'three') and nonsymbolic (e.g., 'ooo') numbers
54
What is involved in the **arithmetic brain** ?
Fronto-parietal arithmetic network
* Frontal brain regions thought to be related to domain-general processes (cognitive control), working memory)
* Parietal brain regions thought to be more domain-specific (number processing)
55
What did **Grabner et al** look at ?
Verbal strategy reports to identify which trials were retrieved vs calcualted
* Compare brain activity for retreived trials vs calcualted trials
* Retrieval > calcualtion : Left angular gyrus
* Calculation > Retrieval: spread out
56
What is **dyscalculia** ?
Specific math impairment
57
What **occurs** in dyscalculia ?
Dysfuntion of parietal lobe
* Intraparietal sulcus
58
What is the **root cause** of dyscalculia ?
* Magnitude Representation
* Mapping Deficit
59
What is **math anxiety** ?
worry or fear about performing math calculations
60
What **occurs** within math anxiety and in **who** is it more common in ?
Overeaction of emotion regions
* Amygadala (fear)
* Insula (pain)
More common in females
61
What is the **easy problem** ?
What brain acitivty occurs during consciousness that does not occer during unconsciousness ?
62
What are the **main two questions** regarding consciousness ?
1. What appens when an aler person becomes conscious of a particular stimulus ?
2. What enables a person (or animal) to be aware of anything at all ?
63
What occurs during **Flash Surpression** ?
* White dots are flashing in different orientations
* One eye sees mulitple dots while another sees a singular dot
* Strong response to the flashing dots decrease awareness of the steady dot and the brains response to it
64
What occurs during **Masking** ?
* A brief visual stimulus is preceded, followed, or both by longer interfering stimuli
* Flash for 29 ms
65
What occurs during **Binocular rivalry** ?
* Slow and gradual shifts of the eye sweeping from one side to another
* Brain activity corresponds to reprts of which stimulus is salient
* Brain fuses together similar images
66
How is **consciousness in the cerebral cortex** ?
* Consciousness requires the integration of information
* Cerebral cortex has long-range reciprocal connections enabling each area to influence many others and receive feedback from the others
* The connections enable information to spread, compare and interact
67
What occurs **during anesthesia** ?
Loss of consciousness under anesthesia
* Marked by decreased overall brain activity
* Decreased overall activity - decreased dopamine levels connectivity b/w cerebral cortex and thalamus
* Inital recovery of scnsciousness involves reconnecting these areas
68
What are **two** examples of **vegetative state**?
Playing tennis and walking through the house
69
What is **Top Down** attention ?
* Intetional
* E.g., looking for someone you know in a group
* Prefrontal and Parietal cortex
70
What is **Bottom up** attention ?
* Reaction to a stimulus
* E.g., A deer run past you in the park, grabbing your attention
* Thalamus (?)
71
What is the **stroop task** ?
Look at congruent and incongruent list of colours and are asked to read it
* The anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) is activated while doing this task
72
What is involved in **lust** ?
Testosterone and Estrogen
73
What is involved in **attraction** ?
* Dopamine
* Nonrepinephrine
* Serotonin
74
What is involved in **attatchment** ?
* Oxytocin
* Vasopressin
75
When is **oxytocin released** ?
Both men and women release it during sexual activity
76
What occurs when **oxytocin** is given as a **nasal spray** ?
* Rated their significant other much higer when given oxytocin
* Enhances fidelity - men stood further away from an attractive woman
77
What does oxytocin **increase** ?
* Comformity to the opinions of the ingroup but not the outgroup
* Trust between ingroups but not outgroups
* Attention to possible dangers - heightens reactions to threats especially from strangers
78
What is **virtual social exclusion experiments** ?
Studies that assess brain responses to peer rejection by making children think that they are being rejected or excluded by unknown children
79
What occurs in the **"Cyberball" game** ?
* Participants play "catch" with two other virtual players
* Child told two peers in another room controlled avatars
* **Baseline**: equal passing
* **Experiment**: virtual players only threw to eachother
80
What **brain areas** were activated in response to **exclusion** ?
Areas of the brain that respond to exlusion are those involved in feeling physical pain
Biopsychology
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