Lecture 7 Part 2

Question 1

what is hypoglycemia

Answer 1

low blood sugar

Question 2

nongluconegenic compounds

Answer 2

• not efficient at making things
• cannot be used to produce NET glucose

Question 3

what are some nongluconegenic compounds

Answer 3

• acetyl CoA
• fatty acids
• some amino acids
• acetic acid
• butyric acid

Question 4

insulin

Answer 4

• synthesized and secreated by pancreas
• beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans
• responds to high blood sugar
• stimulates glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue

Question 5

hormonal control of CHO metabolism

Answer 5

insulin

Question 6

hormonal control of CH2O metabolism

Answer 6

glucagon

Question 6

glucagon

Answer 6

• synthesized and secreted by pancreas
• alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans
• responds to low blood sugar

Question 7

what does glucagon stimulate liver to

Answer 7

• glycogenolysis
• gluconeogenesis

Question 8

glucocorticoids

Answer 8

• hormonal control of CHO metabolism
• cortisol produced and released by adrenal gland
• stimulated when blood sugar low or stress
• stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 9

what are the side effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 9

immune, inflammation

Question 10

epinephrine

Answer 10

• hormonal control of CHO metabolism
• produced and released by adrenal gland
• stimulates glycogenolysis

Question 11

ruminant carb metabolism

Answer 11

• microbial fermentation of fiber and sugars
• cellulytic bacteria digest hemicellulose and cellulose to VFA’s
• alter proportion of VFA’s and lactate
• feed additive to alter VFA’s

Question 12

what are the end products of microbial fermentation of fiber and sugars

Answer 12

VFA’s + organic acids
- acetate
- propionate
- butyrate
- lactate
- 99% sugars converted to VFA’s

Question 13

high forage diet=

Answer 13

acetate highest
propionate next highest
butyrate lowest

Question 14

high concentrate diet=

Answer 14

acetate is lowered
propionate increased

Question 15

acetate

Answer 15

TCA cycle
- used in muscle and adipose tissue

Question 16

propionate

Answer 16

• TCA cycle
• metabolizes in liver to glucose
• when feeding more carbs

Question 17

butyrate

Answer 17

• TCA cycle
• converted to glucose in liver
• stay at more local level (rumen)

Question 18

lactate

Answer 18

• converted to glucose in liver
• potentially be substrate

Question 19

what is the primary VFA from cellulose and hemicellulose

Answer 19

acetate
- feeding a lot of fiber

Question 20

what is acetate necessary for

Answer 20

butter fat synthesis

Question 21

which VFA yields more glucose

Answer 21

propionate

Question 22

what are feed additives that alter VFA’s

Answer 22

rumensin
bovatec

Question 23

ionophore

Answer 23

• an additive, technically an antibiotic
• increases propionate
• decreases production of acetate and butyrate

Question 24

what does an ionophore improve

Answer 24

energy efficiency improves F/G improves ADG

Question 25

what species are ionophores toxic to

Answer 25

horses

Question 26

ketosis

Answer 26

- excess of ketones - seen when CHO intake is lower - cause lack of CHO or gluconeogenic AA derived precursors to oxalate

Question 27

what are the three types of ketones

Answer 27

acetone acetoacetic acid B-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 28

what is ketosis known as in ewes

Answer 28

pregnancy disease - when carrying multiple lambs

Question 29

what does ketosis in ewes cause

Answer 29

- decrease glucose - increase glucagon and epinephrine - death - lethargy

Question 30

as ketones increase,

Answer 30

appetite decreases

Question 31

what is the treatment for ketosis in ewes

Answer 31

does with propylene glycol to provide immediate source of energy - prevent with feeding grain last 4 weeks

Question 32

what are the effects of ketosis in dairy cows

Answer 32

- seen in early lactation - negative energy balance - poor appetite

Question 33

fat stores being metabolized=

Answer 33

elevated ketones

Question 34

how do you treat ketosis in dairy cattle

Answer 34

same as sheep - propylene glycol - increase grain in diet - prevent with high energy, high fiber ration, and Rumensin

Question 35

diabetes mellitus types

Answer 35

1. juvenile onset (type 1) 2. adult onset (type II) 3. gestational onset

Question 36

type 1

Answer 36

- higher than normal blood glucose - usually autoimmune disorder - treatment= insulin injections

Question 37

what is type 1 diabetes caused by

Answer 37

underproduction of insulin by pancreas due to destruction of beta cells

Question 38

type II

Answer 38

- higher than normal blood glucose - common in dogs - treatment= diet and exercise and weight control

Question 39

what is type II caused by

Answer 39

- defect in insulin receptor mechanism at target tissue level - obesity

Question 40

gestational onset

Answer 40

- higher than normal blood glucose and ketone levels - recovery is common after delivery - 2 to 5% of all pregnancies

Question 41

what causes gestational onset

Answer 41

increased tissue resistance to the action of insulin