Lecture part 2

Question 1

what are the basics of a hindgut fermenter

Answer 1

• monogastric
• enlarged cecum
• fermentation occurs in colon and cecum (similar to ruminants)
• allows for cellulose digestion

Question 2

horse mouth

Answer 2

-teeth
- lips and tongue
- saliva

Question 3

horse teeth

Answer 3

-vertical and lateral jaw movements
- chew on one side at a time

Question 4

horse lips and tongue

Answer 4

prehension

Question 5

horse saliva

Answer 5

• no enzymes
• stimulated by scratching of mucus membranes of inner cheek by food

Question 6

horse esophagus

Answer 6

• really long
• one way peristaltic movements
• no eructation or regurgitation

Question 7

why is it problematic that horses can regurgitate or throw up

Answer 7

only have 1 peristaltic direction so potential for choke

Question 8

horse stomach

Answer 8

• small compared to other species
• little muscular movement

Question 9

how are horses fed to try and prevent colic

Answer 9

fed several times a day since stomach is smaller

Question 10

ingesta forms layer=

Answer 10

increased digestive issues

Question 11

colic

Answer 11

gas build up that causes pain and discomfort

Question 12

horse small intestine

Answer 12

• similar to pig
• exception= no gallbladder

Question 13

since horses have no gallbladder, what happens to direct bile secretion

Answer 13

goes into duodenum

Question 14

horse large intestine

Answer 14

• 60% of GIT

Question 15

what makes up the horses large intestine

Answer 15

cecum
large colon
small colon
rectum

Question 16

what kind of diet might be problematic for horses

Answer 16

a high fat diet

Question 17

what does the gallbladder do

Answer 17

store bile

Question 18

horse large intestine

Answer 18

• active flora similar to rumen microbes
• some VFA absorption
• little to no protein absorption
• small colon

Question 19

VFA

Answer 19

volatile fatty acids

Question 20

small colon

Answer 20

water reabsorption

Question 21

what do the active flora in the large intestine of a horse do

Answer 21

• breakdown cellulose and carbs to form VFAs
• synthesis of water-soluble vitamins
• synthesis of proteins

Question 22

what are VFAs a precursor to

Answer 22

digestion

Question 23

rabbits

Answer 23

hind gut fermenters

Question 24

what make rabbits special

Answer 24

• unable to vomit
• coprophagia

Question 25

coprophagia

Answer 25

- class of animals - eat feces

Question 26

what are the two forms of feces

Answer 26

- hard, fibrous, and no nutrional value - caecotrophs are soft and contain vitamins and proteins

Question 27

why do rabbits fall under the classification of coprophagia

Answer 27

eat feces, or caecotrophs, as an adaptation to capture nutrients

Question 28

avian mouth

Answer 28

- no teeth - beak - saliva contains amylase

Question 29

what is amylase

Answer 29

enzyme action for starch - digestion occurs in mouth

Question 30

avian esophagus

Answer 30

- contains crop

Question 31

crop

Answer 31

- pouch and can expand - sits on breast - saliva and secretions soften food - storage area

Question 32

sour crop

Answer 32

- poultry form of colic - yeast/bacteria overgrowth in crop - food leaving crop begins to ferment

Question 33

what is the main difference between birds and mammals

Answer 33

no teeth in birds

Question 34

proventriculus

Answer 34

- equivalent to true stomach - site of gastric juice secretion - pH=4 - ingesta passes thru rapidly - small

Question 35

what do HCl and Pepsin start to do in the proventriculus

Answer 35

breakdown of proteins to amino acids

Question 36

gizzard

Answer 36

- ventriculus - thick muscular walls - grit= small stones that aid in grinding - no enzymatic secretions

Question 37

what is the purpose of thick muscular walls in the gizzard

Answer 37

reduce particle size of ingesta - helps mix

Question 38

what do digested rocks act as for birds

Answer 38

teeth

Question 39

avian small intestine

Answer 39

- main site of absorption - contains most of enzymes except lactase - pH is slightly acidic

Question 40

as does the acidic levels change as you move thru GI tract

Answer 40

slightly acidic becomes bufferable

Question 41

ceca

Answer 41

birds have 2 large ceca

Question 42

avian large intestine

Answer 42

- very short - bacterial action and some fibrous feed fermented - empties into cloaca

Question 43

cloaca

Answer 43

- out and in - site where urine and fecal matter meet - site of egg laying and spermatozoa deposition

Question 44

vent

Answer 44

feces passes out of the body - actual opening

Question 45

what is another term for cloaca

Answer 45

common sewer

Question 46

what do bird feces have on them

Answer 46

uric acid caps - how they excrete waster of nitrogen and uric acid