BIO-2010 Microbiology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbial growth

A

The growth of a population in reference to microbes

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2
Q

Role of carbon in microbial growth and reproduction

A

Generates ATP in cellular processes

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3
Q

Role of hydrogen in microbial growth and reproduction

A

Electron donor and energy source

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4
Q

Role of oxygen in microbial growth and reproduction

A

Energy production in cellular respiration and cell structure

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5
Q

Role of nitrogen in microbial growth and reproduction

A

Needed for the synthesis of molecules such as amino acids

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6
Q

Role of trace elements in microbial growth and reproduction

A

elements required in very minute amounts

Ex. Sodium, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt ions

Function as cofactors in enzyme reactions

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7
Q

Role of vitamins in in microbial growth and reproduction

A

used for energy metabolism

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8
Q

What two things do nutrients provide?

A

Energy

Building materials for growth and repair

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9
Q

Four basic categories of organisms based off of carbon and energy sources

A

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs

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10
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

organisms that carry out photosynthesis by the sun

Light energy is the energy source, carbon dioxide as many carbon source

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11
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

organisms that get their energy from chemical reactions

Oxidation and reduction of chemical reactions

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12
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Inorganic matter as carbon source and light as energy source

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13
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

uses organic chemical substances for sources of energy and carbon

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14
Q

Microaerophiles

A

microorganisms that require a lower level of oxygen to survive (2-10%).

These guys are also called capnophiles because they like carbon dioxide.

Aerobic respirators

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15
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A
  • doesn’t like oxygen but can handle small portion

ex. campylobacter

Cannot use aerobic respiration

Energy is obtained from fermentation

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16
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

heavy growth at the top of the tube

Grow with or without oxygen

Aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen

Fermentation or anaerobic respiration with no oxygen

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17
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

grow only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic respirators
Clostridium

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18
Q

Anaerobic

A

without air

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19
Q

Aerobes

A

with air

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20
Q

What is a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unstable, highly reactive molecules derived from oxygen that can damage DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids.

ROS are generated as byproducts through aerobic respiration which need to be detoxified

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21
Q

Examples of ROS

A

Singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxides, hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorite ions are all ROS.

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22
Q

Enzymes that break down ROS

A

Catalase, Peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase are enzymes that help break down these reactive oxygen species

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23
Q

How do organisms protect themselves from toxic forms of oxygen

A

Organisms protect themselves from toxic forms of oxygen by using both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.

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24
Q

Relationship between presences of certain enzymes and an organisms tolerance to oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes do not have these enzymes

Aerotolerant anaerobes only have superoxide dismutase; no catalase

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25
Nitrogen fixation
When atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia by nitrogenase. Requires large amounts of ATP
26
Importance of Nitrogen Fixation
Important to provide usable nitrogen for living organisms.
27
Neutrophiles
prefers pH 5-8
28
Acidophiles
prefers pH below 5.5
29
Akaliphiles
prefers pH above 8.5
30
Natronobacteria
Most alkaline bacteria
31
How does extreme pH effect the structure of macromolecules
Extreme pH affects the structure of macromolecules. Hydrogen bonds break up at high pH.
32
Psychrophiles
thrive at temperatures between 0-15 C (optimal growth at 15C) Found in permanently cold environments such as deep waters of oceans Do not survive above 20 C
33
Optimal temperature
Temperature an organism likes the most
34
Psychrotrophs
prefer cold, and they cause spoilage in the refrigerator Optimal growth between (4 C and 25 C)
35
Mesophiles
likes moderate temperatures Optimal growth between (25 C and 45C) Common soil bacteria and bacteria that live in and on the body
36
Thermophiles
are heat loving bacteria Optimal growth between(45C - 70C) Found in hot springs and compost heaps
37
Hyperthermophiles
bacteria that grow at very high temperatures Optimal growth (70-110 C) Usually members of archaea Grow at hydrothermal vents at great depths in ocean they grow at the bottom of the ocean at volcanic temperatures
38
Halophiles
Salt loving organisms
39
Quorum Sensing
a system of cell-to-cell communication that bacteria use to sense their population density and coordinate group behaviors.
40
How does quorum sensing lead to the formation of a biofilm?
Quorum sensing leads to biofilm formation by having bacteria use chemical signals, called autoinducers, to communicate and coordinate gene expression based on population density. When the population reaches a certain threshold (a "quorum"), this communication triggers the production of a self-produced extracellular matrix that helps the bacteria stick to a surface and each other, leading to the formation of a mature, three-dimensional biofilm.
41
Which animals are used for testing of Syphilis (Treponema Pallium)
Rabbits
42
Which animals are used to test for Leprosy (mycobacterium leprae)
Armadillos
43
Refridgeration
Slows microbial metabolism and growth; does not kill bacteria. Use: Short-term storage (days to a few weeks). Advantage: Simple and readily available, preserves viability for immediate use.
44
Deep Freezing
Halts microbial metabolism and growth entirely; some organisms may die. Use: Long-term storage (years). Advantage: Preserves cultures for extended periods. Requires: Ultra-low freezers, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen and often cryoprotectants like glycerol.
45
Lyophilization
Freezes the culture, then removes water via sublimation under vacuum, creating a dry powder. Use: Very long-term storage and transport. Advantage: Allows storage at ambient (room) temperature without constant refrigeration, highly effective for long-term viability upon rehydration.
46
Generation time of bacteria
The Time it takes for bacteria to double, typically via binary fission
47
Part at beginning of bacterial growth curve before growth starts
Lag
48
What happens at the Lag phase of a populations growth?
The population neither grows nor shrinks, but this period comes before initial growth starts.
49
What happens at the Exponential/Logarithmic Growth phase of a populations growth?
Rapid growth
50
What happens at the Stationary phase of a populations growth?
Population stagnates, neither growing nor shrinking
51
What happens at the Death phase of a populations growth?
Population shrinks
52
Direct methods of measuring bacterial growth
counting the number of microbes
53
Indirect methods of measuring bacterial growth
making an estimate of microbes
54
Animal Cell cultures
Technique for growing animal cells outside the body (in vitro) in a controlled lab environment. Essential for biomedical research.
55
Low-oxygen (Hypoxia) cultures
Culturing cells under reduced oxygen levels to better mimic the natural physiological environment of tissues, such as stem cell niches.
56
Enrichment Cultures
A method designed to selectively promote the growth, survival, or isolation of one specific type of cell from a mixed population by using selective environmental conditions.
57
Two most common methods by which microorganisms can be isolated for cultures
The Streak Plate Method and the Pour Plate Method
58
Methods for collecting clinical specimens from the skin
Swabbing (superficial lesions), Scrapings (fungal/parasitic infections), Biopsy (shave, punch, excisional for deeper tissues), Aspiration (abscess fluid).
59
Methods for collecting clinical specimens from the respiratory tract
Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal Swabs or Washes (upper tract), Sputum collection, Tracheal Aspirate, Bronchoalveolar Lavage/Bronchoscopy (lower tract).
60
Methods for collecting clinical specimens from the reproductive tract
Vaginal, Cervical, Urethral, and Rectal Swabs; Semen collection
61
Methods for collecting clinical specimens from the urinary tract
Clean-catch midstream urine, Catheterized specimen, Suprapubic aspiration, Collection bags (infants).
62
Six types of general culture media available for bacterial culture
Media are classified by function: Basal (general growth), Enriched (fastidious growth), Selective (inhibits unwanted), Differential (shows biochemical differences), Transport (preserves during transit), and Storage (long-term viability).
63
Basal Media
Simple media for the general cultivation of non-fastidious bacteria (simple nutritional needs). Example: Nutrient Agar
64
Enriched Media
Supplemented with extra nutrients (e.g., blood, serum) to grow fastidious organisms (complex nutritional needs). Example: Blood Agar or Chocolate Agar
65
Selective Media
Contains agents that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria while favoring the growth of a specific type. Example: MacConkey Agar (inhibits Gram-positive) or Mannitol Salt Agar (selects for salt-tolerant bacteria).
66
Differential Media
Contains indicators that allow differentiation of bacteria based on biochemical reactions, often through a visible color change. Example: Blood Agar (hemolysis patterns) or MacConkey Agar (lactose fermentation).
67
Transport Media
Temporary storage and transport of specimens, maintaining bacterial viability without allowing multiplication, preserving the original concentration. Example: Cary-Blair Medium
68
Storage Media
Designed for keeping bacteria viable for an extended period of time for long-term preservation. Example: Chalk cooked meat broth
69
Logarithmic Growth
The time required to grow a fixed amount gets longer and longer. It is super slow and appears to barely grow at all.
70
Exponential Growth
Every fixed amount of time, the quantity doubles (or gains a zero). It is super fast and unsustainable for long periods.
71
Streak Plate Method
Physically spreads a mixed sample across an agar surface to separate individual cells, resulting in isolated colonies. This is the most common lab method.
72
Pour Plate Method
Serially dilutes the sample within molten agar, which is then poured into a dish. Colonies grow both inside and on the surface of the medium
BIO-2010 Microbiology
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