Stress
Indicated with an apostrophe right in front of syllable that is emphasized. Prominence of a syllable over another
Realization of stress
Pitch is higher
Increase of length
Increase of loudness
Vowel quality is exemplified, longer and stronger
Weight sound
Consonant = one
Short vowel = one
Long vowel or diphthong = 2
Counting syllables
Backwards, from back to front
Syllable types weight
Light = one weight
Heavy = two weights
Super-heavy = three or more weights
The number of weights in the rhyme determines the syllable type
Final
Last syllable
Penultimate
Second to last
Ante-penultimate
One before second to last
Pre-ante-penultimate
Before the one before the second to last, three steps back from last (4th)
Generalizations stress
Penultimate is stressed when heavy or super-heavy. If it is not, it shifts to the left towards penultimate. There are exceptions
Morphology
Smallest unit of a word that carries meaning, such as affixes; -s, -ness, -load. Called morphemes
Stress-neutral morphemes
Affixes:
Inflectional = -ing, -ed, or -s
Derivational = -ness, -al
Stress influenced morphemes
Also affixes:
Derivational = -ity, -al
Derivational principle
In complex words that result from derivational morphology, the primary stress of the original word survives as secondary stress shows with a low apostrophe, also has exceptions
