Phonology
The science of sound categorization, it investigates change, variation and natural language processing: phonemes, slanted slashes, abstract structure of the word
Phoneme
A category in phonology, they distinguish meaning but do not carry it
Minimal pairs
Pairs of distinct words that differ by only one sound (in the same position), which belong to different categories
Phonetics
Articulations of sounds, analysis with IPA sounds. Transcribing which ones match how someone would say something: phones and square brackets
Allophones
The ‘kinds of’ that make up possible concrete realizations of abstract phoneme categories.
/k/ allophones
[k] after /s/ and before back vowel
[c] after /s/ before front vowel
[kh] before back vowel, is aspirated (breathy quality)
[ch] before high front vowel
Allophone rule
- Non contrastiveness, if you change allophone to another of the same category the meaning wont change
- Predictable occurance, complementary distribution. There is no overlap in which situation what allophone occurs
Phones
A phone is an allophone of some phenome, if you are not looking at systems it is simply about phones
The principal allophone
Most common or easiest realization of a sound, not necessarily the most important
Allophones /n/
[n] in
[m] input. if preceding bilabial
[ng] income if preceding velar k
[mg] information
[n..] month
Allophones /t/
principals: [t] or [th]
accent [?] [r] [d] [ts]
Transcription rule
If x can be its own phoneme, transcribe it as its phoneme unless you have evidence that you should not.
*income is [n] because assimiliation (2 words combined) (evidence of not using [ng] like you would for: think
Phonological rules
A math equation looking rule, relaying when a specific allophone may be used, such as for the /n/ sound and /t/
Syllable template
syllable tier
skeletal tier (x’s, two for diphtongs or long vowels)
segmental tier (transcription)
feature tier (+/- binary)
Onsets
Start of a syllable, could be left out
Nucleus (Nu)
Core, stressed vowel of a syllable
Coda
End of syllable
Rhyme (rh)
Includes Nucleus and Coda, may also just be Nucleus
Phonotactic filters
Rules defining what phonemes may be in what position of a syllable tree: impossible onsets etc
