LESSON 1

Question 1

involves the exploration of biological, cognitive, and psychosocial changes and constancies that occur throughout the entire course of life.

Answer 1

LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE

Question 2

It has been presented as a theoretical perspective, proposing several fundamental theoretical, and methodological principles about the nature of human development.

Answer 2

LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE

Question 3

[LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE]

involves the exploration of _______, _______, and ________ _______ and constancies that occur throughout the entire course of life.

Answer 3

biological, cognitive, psychosocial changes

Question 4

[LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE]

It has been presented as a _______ ________, proposing several fundamental theoretical, and methodological principles about the nature of human development.

Answer 4

theoretical perspective

Question 5

____ ______, a prominent German psychologist specializing in lifetime development and aging, is credited with formulating the lifespan perspective, which is one of the prominent methodologies employed in the study of human development.

Answer 5

Paul Baltes

Question 6

This technique is founded upon a number of fundamental principles:

Answer 6

1. Development is multidirectional
2. Development is lifelong
3. Development is multidimensional
4. Development is multidisciplinary
5. Development is plastic
6. Development is contextual

Question 7

Baltes states that the development of a particular - domain does not occur in a strictly linear fashion but that development of certain traits can be characterized as having the capacity for both an increase and decrease in etticacy over the course of an individual’s life.

Answer 7

Development is multidirectional

Question 8

[Development is multidirectional]

Baltes states that the development of a particular - domain does not occur in a ___ ____ _____ but that development of certain traits can be characterized as having the capacity for both an increase and decrease in etticacy over the course of an individual’s life.

Answer 8

strictly linear fashion

Question 9

[Development is multidirectional]

Baltes states that the development of a particular - domain does not occur in a strictly linear fashion but that development of certain traits can be characterized as having the capacity for both an increase and decrease in _______ over the course of an individual’s life.

Answer 9

efficacy

Question 10

The notion of lifelong development posits that the process of development is not
confined to infancy, childhood, or any one stage of life, but rather includes the entirety of an individual’s existence, commencing from conception and concluding with death.

Answer 10

Development is lifelong

Question 11

The prevailing perspective posits the potential for subsequent modifications in development, which may arise after birth rather than being predetermined.

Answer 11

Development is lifelong

Question 12

The early experiences of one’s childhood can be modified by later events in one’s life. This idea underscores the notion that every phase of the lifespan has a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of human development.

Answer 12

Development is lifelong

Question 13

[Development is lifelong]

The notion of lifelong development posits that the process of development is not
confined to infancy, childhood, or any one stage of life, but rather includes the entirety of an individual’s existence, commencing from _______ ____ _____ ____ _______.

Answer 13

conception and concluding with death.

Question 14

[Development is lifelong]

The prevailing perspective posits the potential for _____ ______ in development, which may arise after birth rather than being predetermined.

Answer 14

subsequent modifications

Question 15

[Development is lifelong]

The early experiences of one’s childhood can be modified by later events in one’s life. This idea underscores the notion that every phase of the lifespan has a crucial role in _______ ___ ______of human development.

Answer 15

shaping the trajectory

Question 16

Baltes is referring to the fact that a complex interplay of factors influence development across the lifespan, including biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes.

Answer 16

Development is multidimensional

Question 17

Baltes argues that a dynamic interaction of these factors is what influences an individuals development.

Answer 17

Development is multidimensional

Question 18

[Development is multidimensional]

Baltes is referring to the fact that a complex interplay of factors influence development across the lifespan, including ______, ______, and ________ changes.

Answer 18

biological
cognitive
socioemotional

Question 19

[Development is multidimensional]

Baltes argues that a _____ ______of these factors is what influences an individuals development.

Answer 19

dynamic interaction

Question 20

Any single discipline’s account of development across the lifespan would not be able to express all aspects of this theoretical framework. That is why it is suggested explicitly by lifespan researchers that a combination of disciplines is necessary to understand development.

Answer 20

Development is multidisciplinary

Question 21

Psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists, anthropologists, educators, economists, historians, medical researchers, and others may all be interested and involved in research related to various influences that help shape development.

Answer 21

Development is multidisciplinary

Question 22

Many disciplines are able to contribute important concepts that integrate knowledge, which may ultimately result in the formation of a new and enriched understanding of development across the lifespan.

Answer 22

Development is multidisciplinary

Question 23

[Development is multidisciplinary]

__________, _________, _________, ________, ______, ______, _______, _______ _______, and others may all be interested and involved in research related to various influences that help shape development.

Answer 23

Psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists, anthropologists, educators, economists, historians, medical researchers,

Question 24

Plasticity denotes intrapersonal variability and focuses heavily on the potentials and limits of the nature of human development.

Answer 24

Development is plastic

Question 25

[Development is plastic] Plasticity denotes ______ ______ and focuses heavily on the potentials and limits of the nature of human development.

Answer 25

intrapersonal variability

Question 26

The notion of plasticity emphasizes that there are many possible developmental outcomes and that the nature of human development is much more open and pluralistic than originally implied by traditional views;

Answer 26

Development is plastic

Question 27

there is no single pathway that must be taken in an individual's development across the lifespan.

Answer 27

Development is plastic

Question 28

[Development is plastic] The notion of plasticity emphasizes that there are many possible developmental outcomes and that the nature of human development is much more _____ and _____than originally implied by traditional views;

Answer 28

open and pluralistic

Question 29

In Baltes' theory, the paradigm of contextualism refers to the idea that systems of biological and environmental influences work together to influence development.

Answer 29

Development is contextual

Question 30

[Development is contextual] In Baltes' theory, the paradigm of contextualism refers to the idea that systems of _______ and ________ influences work together to influence development.

Answer 30

biological and environmental

Question 31

Development occurs in context and varies from person to person, depending on factors such as a person's biology, family, school, church, profession, nationality, and ethnicity.

Answer 31

Development is contextual

Question 32

[Development is contextual] Development occurs in context and varies from _____ ___ _____, depending on factors such as a person's biology, family, school, church, profession, nationality, and ethnicity.

Answer 32

person to person

Question 33

Baltes identified three types of influences that operate throughout the life course:

Answer 33

1. normative age-graded influences, 2. normative history-graded influences, 3. and nonnormative influences.

Question 34

[OTHER CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT] Baltes wrote that these three influences operate throughout the life course, their effects accumulate with _____, and, as a _____ _____, they are responsible for ______________.

Answer 34

time dynamic package how lives develop.

Question 35

those biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age.

Answer 35

NORMATIVE AGE-GRADED INFLUENCES

Question 36

Example puberty or menopause, or age-based social practices such as beginning school or entering retirement.

Answer 36

NORMATIVE AGE-GRADED INFLUENCES

Question 37

unpredictable and not tied to a certain developmental time in a persons development or to a historical period.

Answer 37

NONNORMATIVE INFLUENCES

Question 38

They are the unique experiences of an individual, whether biological or environmental, that shape the development process.

Answer 38

NONNORMATIVE INFLUENCES

Question 39

→ Example: Learning a master's degree or getting a certain job offer or other events like going through a divorce or coping with the death of a child

Answer 39

NONNORMATIVE INFLUENCES

Question 40

associated with a specific time period that defines the broader environmental and cultural context in which an individual develops.

Answer 40

NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRADED INFLUENCES

Question 41

→ Example: Development and identity are influenced by historical events of the people who experience them, such as the Great Depression, WWII, Vietnam, the Cold War, the War on Terror, or advances in technology.

Answer 41

NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRADED INFLUENCES

Question 42

a group of people who are born at roughly the same time period in a particular society.

Answer 42

Cohort

Question 43

They share histories and contexts for living.

Answer 43

Cohort

Question 44

Members of a _____ have experienced the same historical events and cultural climates which have an impact on the values, priorities, and goals that may guide their lives.

Answer 44

Cohort

Question 45

A way to identify families and households based on their shared levels of education, income, and occupation.

Answer 45

Socioeconomic status

Question 46

While there is certainly individual variation, members of a social class tend to share similar lifestyles, patterns of consumption, parenting styles, stressors, religious preferences, and other aspects of daily life

Answer 46

Socioeconomic status

Question 47

Often referred to as a blueprint or guideline shared by a group of people that specifies how to live.

Answer 47

Culture

Question 48

It includes ideas about what is right and wrong, what to strive for, what to eat, how to speak, what is valued, as well as what kinds of emotions are called for in certain situations.

Answer 48

Culture

Question 49

____ teaches us how to live in a society and allows us to advance because each new generation can benefit from the solutions found and passed down from previous generations.

Answer 49

Culture

Question 50

DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

Answer 50

1. Physical Development 2. Cognitive Development 3. Psychosocial Development 4. Gene-Environment Interaction

Question 51

growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health

Answer 51

Physical Development

Question 52

learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Answer 52

Cognitive Development

Question 53

emotions, personality, and social relationships

Answer 53

Psychosocial Development

Question 54

the effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experiences, and how we respond to the environment depends on what genes we gave

Answer 54

Gene-Environment Interaction

Question 55

In an instance, Intelligence is strongly influenced by heredity. However, it is also affected by parental stimulation, education, peer influence, and others

Answer 55

Gene-Environment Interaction

Question 56

Factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality:

Answer 56

1. Genes 2. Shared Environmental Influences 3. Nonshared Environmental Influences

Question 57

common experiences that work to make them similar (e.g, parenting style)

Answer 57

Shared Environmental Influences

Question 58

unique experiences to the individual - those who are not shared with the other members of the family (e.g, parental favoritism)

Answer 58

Nonshared Environmental Influences

Question 59

people are like machines that react to environmental input

Answer 59

Mechanistic Model

Question 60

people as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react

Answer 60

Organismic Model

Question 61

Mind is a blank slate (Tabula Rasa)...

Answer 61

John Locke

Question 62

children are born "noble savages" who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society

Answer 62

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 63

change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size

Answer 63

Quantitative Change

Question 64

emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning

Answer 64

Qualitative Change

Question 65

gradual and incremental

Answer 65

Continuous

Question 66

abrupt or uneven

Answer 66

Discontinuous