LESSON 4 Flashcards by Riana Morallos

INFANCY is the period between _________

4 weeks to 1 year of life

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Personality and social development
focus on the occurrence of an attachment behavior which emotionally ties or binds the infant and his family members.

INFANCY

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[INFANCY]

Personality and social development
focus on the occurrence of an ______ behavior which emotionally ties or binds the infant and his family members.

attachment

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There is an extraordinary growth in the intellectual ability such as biological growth interrelates with the accumulation of experiences.

INFANCY

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[INFANCY]

There is an extraordinary growth in the _______ ______ such as biological growth interrelates with the accumulation of experiences.

intellectual ability

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Reflexive movements give way to
intentional actions as directed by the mind.

INFANCY

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[INFANCY]

________ ______ give way to
intentional actions as directed by the mind.

Reflexive movements

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At birth the normal infant initially appraised as being pink in appearance , over 100 in heart
rate, can grimace (cry, cough, or sneeze), with active motion and manifests a good strong cry.
These are measure one minute after birth and five minutes after.

THE NEONATE AND THE
NEONATAL SCALE

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At birth the normal infant initially appraised as being ____ in appearance , over 100 in heart
rate, can grimace (cry, cough, or sneeze), with active motion and manifests a good strong cry.
These are measure one minute after birth and five minutes after.

pink

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At birth the normal infant initially appraised as being pink in appearance , over ____ in heart
rate, can grimace (cry, cough, or sneeze), with active motion and manifests a good strong cry.
These are measure one minute after birth and five minutes after.

100

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At birth the normal infant initially appraised as being pink in appearance , over 100 in heart
rate, can ______________, with active motion and manifests a good strong cry. These are measure one minute after birth and five minutes after.

grimace (cry, cough, or sneeze)

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At birth the normal infant initially appraised as being pink in appearance , over 100 in heart
rate, can grimace (cry, cough, or sneeze), with________ and manifests a _____________.
These are measure one minute after birth and five minutes after.

active motion
good strong cry

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one minute after birth and five minutes after.

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Depressed infants are monitored every five minutes, subsequently with medical intervention until their condition stabilizes.

THE NEONATE AND THE
NEONATAL SCALE

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Depressed infants are monitored every _______, subsequently with medical intervention until their condition stabilizes.

every five minutes

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A detailed examination would reveal that the infant is usually wrapped by a cheesy white
fluid substance called ____ _______, which preserves the skin from injury upon delivery.

vermix caseosa

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_____ ____ may be visible in some areas of the body.

Lanugo hair

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The _______, a bluish gray
discoloration, is usually found on the buttocks.

Mongolian spot

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The Mongolian spot, a bluish gray
discoloration, is usually found on the ______

buttocks

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A ______ _____ spot called milia is most often found on the surface of the nose. The mottling of the skin is present upon exposure to cold. However, these features disappear as the baby grows older.

whitish pinpoint

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A whitish pinpoint spot called ______ is most often found on the surface of the nose. The mottling of the skin is present upon exposure to cold. However, these features disappear as the baby grows older.

milia

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A whitish pinpoint spot called milia is most often found on the surface of the nose. The mottling of the skin is present upon exposure to ____. However, these features disappear as the baby grows older.

cold

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The ______ of the head feels soft because the skull is left open due to delayed development upon delivery; and consequently it
closes as the baby gets older.

anterior fontanel

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Neurological examination may reveal various reflexes that are normal at birth but become abnormal if they persist as the baby gets older.

REFLEXES

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________ ________ may reveal various reflexes that are normal at birth but become abnormal if they persist as the baby gets older.

Neurological examination

Lack of these reflex responses in infants and their failure to disappear as the baby mature are signs of disorder in the ______ ____.

nervous system.

The height of the infant at birth is around _____ in length.

50cm

Boys are somewhat taller than girls at age _____.

2 years

By age_________, there is no dominance of either sex in terms of height.

5 up to 10 years

The favorably taller boys are surpassed by girls at age _______

11-13 years.

Then, the males demonstrate their height dominance at ______ and maintain this change onwards to maturity.

14 years

Involuntary stereotyped movement responses to a particular stimuli.

Infant Reflexes

Dominant movement form during the last 4 months of prenatal life and first 4 months after birth.

Infant Reflexes

[Infant Reflexes] Dominant movement form during the _______ of prenatal life and ________ after birth.

last 4 months - prenatal first 4 months - after birth

Occur sub cortically (below the level of the higher brain centers)

Infant Reflexes

Why is the study of infant reflexes important?

Primitive reflexes critical for human survival. ▫ Postural reflexes believed to be foundation for later voluntary movements. ▫ Appearance and disappearance helpful in diagnosing neurological disorders

[Why is the study of infant reflexes important?] _______ ______ critical for human survival.

Primitive reflexes

[Why is the study of infant reflexes important?] _______ _____ believed to be foundation for later voluntary movements.

Postural reflexes

[Why is the study of infant reflexes important?] Appearance and disappearance helpful in diagnosing _______ ______

neurological disorders

Role of the Reflexes in Survival

▫ Human infants essentially helpless. Highly dependent on their caretakers and reflexes for protection and survival. ▫ Primitive reflexes occur during gestation or at birth and most are repressed by 6 months of age. ▫ Primitive reflexes are important for protection, nutrition, and survival.

[Role of the Reflexes in Survival] Human infants essentially helpless. Highly dependent on their ________ and _____ for protection and survival.

caretakers and reflexes

[Role of the Reflexes in Survival] ________ ______ occur during gestation or at birth and most are repressed by 6 months of age.

Primitive reflexes

[Role of the Reflexes in Survival] Primitive reflexes are important for ______, ______, and _____.

protection nutrition survival

Repetitive inhalation and expiration

Breathing Reflex

DEVELOPMENTAL CAUSE of the Breathing Reflex

Permanent

Provides oxygen and expels carbon dioxide

SIGNIFICANCE of the Breathing Reflex

Closing or blinking of the eye

Eye blink reflex

DEVELOPMENTAL CAUSE of the Eye blink reflex

Permanent

Protect the eyes from bright aversive stimuli or foreign objects

SIGNIFICANCE of the Eye blink reflex

Constriction of pupils to bright light, dilation to dark or dimly lit surroundings

Pupillary reflex

DEVELOPMENTAL CAUSE of the Pupillary reflex

Permanent

Protect against bright lights adapts the visual system to low illumination

SIGNIFICANCE of the Pupillary reflex

Turning of the cheek in the direction of a tactile touch stimulus

Rooting reflex

Gradually weakens over the first 6months of life

DEVELOPMENTAL CAUSE of the Rooting reflex

Orients the child to breasts or bottle.

SIGNIFICANCE of the Rooting reflex

Sucking on objects placed (or taken) into the mouth

Sucking Reflex

Is gradually modified by experience over the first few months of life

DEVELOPMENTAL CAUSE of the Sucking Reflex

Allow the child to take in nutrients

SIGNIFICANCE of the Sucking Reflex

swallowing

Swallowing Reflex

Is permanent modified by experience

DEVELOPMENTAL CAUSE of the Swallowing Reflex

Allow the child to take in nutrients

SIGNIFICANCE of the Swallowing Reflex

______ _____ are related to the development of later voluntary movement.

Postural reflexes

Reflexes integrated, modified, and incorporated into more complex patterns to form ________ ______

voluntary movements

Automatic movement is “______” for future voluntary movements.

practice

Some believe reflexes may not be related to future ______ ______

motor development

Infant Reflex: Crawling Future Voluntary Movement: ______

Crawling

Infant Reflex: Labyrinthine Future Voluntary Movement: ______

Upright posture

Infant Reflex: Palmar grasp Future Voluntary Movement: ______

Grasping

Infant Reflex: Stepping Future Voluntary Movement: ______

Walking

S: Palm stimulated R: 4 fingers (not thumb) close

Palmar Grasp

Palmar Grasp Duration

5 months gestation - 4 months postpartum

Concerns: No ______ ____may indicate neurological problems (spasticity)

palmer grasp

Other: One of the most noticeable reflexes May lead to voluntary reaching / grasping May predict handedness in adulthood

Palmar Grasp

S: touch of lips R: sucking action

Sucking

Sucking Duration

In utero - 3 months postpartum

Concerns: No reflex problematic for nutrition

Sucking

Other: Often in conjunction with searching reflex

Sucking

S: touch cheek R: head moves toward stimuli

Search Duration

Weeks prenatal - 3 months postpartum

Concerns: No reflex problematic for nutrition No reflex or lack of persistence may be sign of CNS or sensorimotor dysfunction

Other: Often in conjunction with sucking reflex. Contributes to head/body-righting reflexes

S: Suddenly but gently lower baby’s head S: Hit surface beside baby R: Arms and legs extend

Moro

Moro Duration

Prenatal – 4-6 months postpartum

Concerns: May signify CNS dysfunction if lacking May signify sensory motor problem if persists May delay sitting & head control if persists May indicate injury to one side of brain if asymmetrical

Moro

Other: Reaction time increases with age Preceeds startle refle

Moro

S: Same as Moro R: Arms and legs flex

Startle

Startle Duration

2-3 months after Moro disappears – 1 year

Other: Less severe startle reflexes elicited through lifespan

Startle

S: Prone/supine position, turn head to one side R: Limbs flex on one side, extend on other side

Asymmetric Tonic Neck

After birth – 3 months

Asymmetric Tonic Neck

Concerns: Facilitates bilateral body awareness Facilitates hand-eye coordination

Asymmetric Tonic Neck

Other Also called ‘bow and arrow’ or ‘fencer’s’ position

Asymmetric Tonic Neck

S: Baby sitting up and tip backward R: Neck and arms extend, legs flex

Symmetric Tonic Neck

S: Baby sitting up and tip forward R: Neck and arms flex, legs extend

Symmetric Tonic Neck

Symmetric Tonic Neck Duration

After birth – 3 months

Concerns: Persistence may impede many motor skills and cause spinal flexion deformities

Symmetric Tonic Neck

S: Touching the ball of foot R: Toes grasp

Plantar Grasp

Plantar Grasp Duration

Birth – 1 year

Must disappear before the baby can stand or walk. Issue of shoes versus no shoes?

Plantar Grasp

S: Stroke bottom or lateral portion of foot R: Great toe turns downward

Babinski

Babinski Duration

Birth – 4 month

Concern: Test of the pyramidal tract (i.e. ability to perform conscious / voluntary movement)

Babinski

S: Scratch base of palm R: Lower jaw opens and closes

Palmar Mental

Palmar Mental Duration

Birth – 3 months

S: Pressure to both palms or hair to hand R: Eyes close, mouth opens, and/or neck flexes (which tilts the head forward)

Palmar Mandibular

Palmar Mandibular Duration

Birth – 3 months

Also called the Babkin reflex

Palmar Mandibular

Enumerate all of the Primitive Reflexes

1. Palmar Grasp 2. Sucking 3. Search 4. Moro 5. Startle 6. Asymmetric Tonic Neck 7. Symmetric Tonic Neck 8. Plantar Grasp 9. Babinski 10. Palmar Mental 11. Palmar Mandibular

Enumerate all of the Postural Reflexes

1. Stepping 2. Swimming

S: Infant upright with feet touching surface R: Legs lift and descend

Stepping

Stepping Duration

After birth – 5-6 months

Concerns: Essential forerunner to walking

Stepping

Other: Sometimes called walking reflex Developmental changes in reflex over time

Stepping

S: Infant held horizontally R: Arms and legs move in coordinated swimming type action

Swimming

Swimming Duration

2 weeks after birth – 5 months

Recognition of reflex led to popularity of infant swim programs

Swimming

Two Directions of Development

Cephalocaudal development Proximodistal development

Head to foot (the head, neck, and upper parts start to develop before the legs)

Cephalocaudal development

Center to outlying parts (from trunk or torso, then shoulders, hand and finally fingers)

Proximodistal development

Tonic-neck reflex predominates when the baby is on supine position. The head is turned far to the side, one arm in extension to the same side, the other flexed to the shoulder; can roll partly to side.

One to Two (1-2) Months

The baby is able to turn to prone position.

Three (3) Months

Can turn to prone from supine position and vice versa

Four to Five (4-5) Months

Can roll from stomach to stomach

Six to Seven (6-7) Months

Can also alternate from prone to sitting position and vice versa; can cruise by crawling

Eight (8) Months

Can pull himself to standing position by holding on to something.

Nine (9) Months

-Can sit with good control. -Can pivot around in a steady manner. -Can walk while holding someone’s hands.

Ten to Eleven (10-11) Months

Walks even when only one hand is held

Twelve (12) Months

Can push a chair around, climb and get down from it as well.

Fifteen (15) Months

In the early days of postnatal life, most vocalization consists of ______.

crying

As Ostwald and Peltzman have explained: “_____is one of the first ways in which the infant is able to communicate with the world at large.”

Crying

Through _____, babies make known their need for someone to relieve their hunger, pain, fatigue, and other unpleasant bodily states and to satisfy their desire for attention.

cries

Pain is expressed by _____, ____cries interrupted by ______ and _____

loud, shrill groaning and whimpering

while _____ cries are loud and interrupted by _____ movements.

hunger sucking

The second pre-speech form of communication is called “_____” or “_______”.

cooing babbling

In addition to cries, babies may make simple sounds during the early months of life, such as grunts of pain or disgust, squeals of delight, yawns, sneezes, sighs, belching, coughing, guttural barking sounds, growls, and cries, that sound like the whine of a young pig or the bleat of a goat.

Cooing and Babbling

[Cooing and Babbling] In addition to cries, babies may make simple sounds during the early months of life, such as grunts of pain or disgust, squeals of delight, yawns, sneezes, sighs, belching, coughing, guttural barking sounds, growls, and cries, that sound like the __________ or the _________.

whine of a young pig bleat of a goat

As the baby’s _______ mechanisms develop, explosive sounds change into babbling.

neuromuscular

The third preliminary form of communication consists of _______

gestures

movements of the limbs or the body which serve as substitutes for, or supplements to, speech.

gestures

LESSON 4 Flashcards

(139 cards)