Lesson 2 & 3

Question 1

What is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms?

Answer 1

The cell

Question 2

What theory describes cells and how they operate?

Answer 2

Cell Theory

Question 3

State the 3 principles of Cell Theory

Answer 3

1 All living things are made up of one or more cells.

2 All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.

3 The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms.

Question 4

What is an organism made up of only one cell called?

Answer 4

Unicellular organism

Question 5

Give examples of unicellular organisms

Answer 5

Euglena, Paramecium, Yeast

Question 6

What is an organism made up of more than one cell called?

Answer 6

Multicellular organism

Question 7

Give examples of multicellular organisms

Answer 7

Plants, animals, fungi

Question 8

What unit is used to measure the size of a cell?

Answer 8

Micrometer (µm)

Question 9

What is the smallest known cell?

Answer 9

Mycoplasma (0.1 µm)

Question 10

What is the largest known cell?

Answer 10

Ostrich egg (18 cm)

Question 11

In humans, what is the smallest cell?

Answer 11

Sperm cell (5 µm).

Question 12

In humans, what is the largest cell?

Answer 12

Ovum cell (120 µm).

Question 13

In humans, what is the longest cell?

Answer 13

Nerve cell (up to 1 m)

Question 14

What mainly determines the variation in cell shape?

Answer 14

The function of the cell

Question 15

Give examples of specialized cell shapes in humans

Answer 15

RBCs: circular biconcave for easy passage through capillaries.

Nerve cells: branched to conduct impulses.

WBCs: change shape to engulf microorganisms.

Question 16

What are the 3 main features visible in almost every cell?

Answer 16

Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Question 17

What are the two components of cytoplasm?

Answer 17

Cytosol and cell organelles

Question 18

List major cell organelles

Answer 18

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, centrosome, cytoskeleton

Question 19

What is the outer delicate, living, semi-permeable membrane of the cell?

Answer 19

Plasma membrane

Question 20

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Answer 20

Two layers of lipid molecules with proteins floating in them.

Question 21

Functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 21

Maintains cell shape & size, protects contents, regulates entry/exit of substances, maintains homeostasis.

Question 22

What are the two main types of transport across membranes?

Answer 22

Passive transport and active transport

Question 23

In which direction does passive transport move molecules?

Answer 23

From higher to lower concentration, without energy

Question 24

Name 3 types of passive transport

Answer 24

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Question 25

What type of molecules use simple diffusion?

Answer 25

Hydrophobic molecules

Question 26

What type of molecules use facilitated diffusion?

Answer 26

Hydrophilic molecules (with transport proteins)

Question 27

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.

Answer 27

osmosis

Question 28

In which direction does active transport move molecules?

Answer 28

From lower to higher concentration, requiring ATP.

Question 29

What is endocytosis

Answer 29

Transport of particles into the cell. Phagocytosis: solid material. Pinocytosis: liquid substances.

Question 30

Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and releases content outside the cell

Answer 30

exocytosis

Question 31

Which organisms have a cell wall

Answer 31

Plants and bacteria

Question 32

What is the plant cell wall made of?

Answer 32

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin

Question 33

Provides shape, strength, rigidity; prevents desiccation; protects from pathogens.

Answer 33

cell wall

Question 34

What is the double-layered covering of the nucleus called?

Answer 34

Nuclear membrane

Question 35

What is the dense fluid inside the nucleus called?

Answer 35

Nucleoplasm

Question 36

What does nucleoplasm contain?

Answer 36

Nucleolus and chromatin fibres (DNA + histones)

Question 37

What do chromatin fibres condense into during cell division?

Answer 37

Chromosomes

Question 38

What do chromosomes contain?

Answer 38

Genes (carry hereditary information)

Question 39

Controls cell activities (metabolism, protein synthesis, growth, division) and stores hereditary information

Answer 39

nucleus

Question 40

What is the jelly-like material between nucleus and membrane?

Answer 40

Cytoplasm

Question 41

What does the cytoplasm contain?

Answer 41

Cytosol, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, inorganic ions, and organelles

Question 42

Functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Answer 42

RER: synthesizes proteins. SER: synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, stores calcium (muscle). Provides support to cytoplasm.

Question 43

Modifies, sorts, and packs cell products; forms vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes; produces plasma membrane.

Answer 43

Golgi Body

Question 44

Digests molecules, destroys bacteria/viruses, degrades organelles, performs autolysis in dead cells

Answer 44

Lysosomes

Question 45

Stores substances, maintains osmotic pressure, provides turgidity, stores food in amoeba

Answer 45

Vacuoles

Question 46

Produces ATP (energy), contains its own DNA

Answer 46

Mitochondria

Question 47

In plants/algae, make and store food, contain pigments

Answer 47

Plastids

Question 48

Types of Plastids?

Answer 48

Chromoplasts (color pigments e.g. carotene, xanthophyll, lycopene). Leucoplasts (storage: starch, oil, protein). Chloroplasts (photosynthesis, chlorophyll, green color)

Question 49

Forms spindle fibers in division, helps form cilia and flagella

Answer 49

Centrosome

Question 50

Maintains cell shape, strength, movement

Answer 50

Cytoskeleton

Question 51

How many chromosomes are in prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells?

Answer 51

Prokaryotic: one; Eukaryotic: more than one

Question 52

Examples of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 52

Bacteria, blue-green algae.

Question 53

Examples of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 53

All other organisms.

Question 54

Key differences in animal cells?

Answer 54

Small, no cell wall, no plastids, small/few vacuoles

Question 55

Key differences in plant cells?

Answer 55

Larger, cell wall present, plastids present, large/many vacuoles.

Question 56

What is the process of one parent cell dividing into daughter cells called?

Answer 56

Cell Division

Question 57

Functions of cell division?

Answer 57

Growth, development, tissue repair, reproduction

Question 58

What type of division produces identical daughter cells

Answer 58

Mitosis

Question 59

What type of division produces genetically different gametes

Answer 59

Meiosis

Question 60

What are the phases of interphase?

Answer 60

G1 (before DNA synthesis), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (before prophase).

Question 61

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle fibers form.

Answer 61

prophase

Question 62

Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

Answer 62

metaphase

Question 63

Chromatids separate at centromere and move to opposite poles.

Answer 63

anaphase

Question 64

Daughter nuclei form, nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, cleavage furrow forms

Answer 64

telophase

Question 65

List functions/importance of mitosis

Answer 65

Develops zygote into adult. Equal chromosome distribution. Enables growth and development. Maintains constant chromosome number. Enables asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation. Maintains purity of genome (no recombination). Repairs/regenerates damaged tissues.

Question 66

Who discovered the Golgi Body

Answer 66

Camillo Golgi

Question 67

Sacs of the golgi body are usually flattened and are called the

Answer 67

cisternae