Lesson 4 Macroevolution

Question 2

Scope of evolution

Answer 2

Microevolution
Speciation
Macroevolution

Question 3

Biological species concept

Answer 3

If individuals can’t mate and produce viable offspring they are not the same species

Question 4

Prezygotic barriers (5)

Answer 4

Habitat iso.
Temporal iso.
Behavioural iso.
Mechanical iso.
Gametic iso.

Question 5

Postzygotic barriers (3)

Answer 5

Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

Question 6

Habitat iso

Answer 6

Difference in habitat

Question 7

Temporal iso

Answer 7

Breed at different times

Question 8

Behavioral iso

Answer 8

Certain courtship rituals are necessary for mating

Question 9

Mechanical iso.

Answer 9

Genital opening not aligned

Question 10

Gametic iso.

Answer 10

Sperm will not fertilize egg of other species

Question 11

How does speciation occur (2)

Answer 11

Allopatric or sympatric

Question 12

Allopatric

Answer 12

Geographic selection, restricts gene flow, different habitats = different NS

Question 13

Sympatric

Answer 13

Geographic overlapping
Can occur if: change in ploity or ecology
Emergence of reproductive barrier=isolation of subset of pop.

Question 14

Change in ecology (2)

Answer 14

Habitat iso. Changes in ressources - difference in mating times-speciation
Sexual iso.-the sexe that chooses has different preferences

Question 15

Rate of evolutionary change (2)

Answer 15

Gradualism - incomplete fossil record
Punctuated equilibrium- fossil record accurately reflects evolution as it occurs (long no evo-short rapid evo)

Question 16

Macroevolution

Answer 16

Phenotypic differences are so great - different taxonomy categories

Question 17

Evolutionary novelties arise from :

Answer 17

Gradual refinement
Major changes
- genes that controls development
- genes that control the spatial organization of body parts

Question 18

Hox genes

Answer 18

Provide positional info. In an animal embryo, info prompts cell to dev into structures for a particular location

Question 19

Adaptive zones

Answer 19

Ecological niches that are not filled by ancestral org. - speciation

Question 20

Extinction on speciation

Answer 20

Produces empty zones - facilitates evo. By opening adaptive zones

Question 21

Phylogenic tree

Answer 21

Diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms

Question 22

Monophyletic group

Answer 22

One ancestor breaks into more species

Question 23

To categorize patterns (2) :

Answer 23

Morphology
Molecular

Question 24

Morphology

Answer 24

Kingdoms / physical similarities

Question 25

Monophyletic groups include :

Answer 25

Common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 26

Molecular

Answer 26

DNA similarities

Question 27

Paraphyletic includes :

Answer 27

Common ancestor and some descendants