the limbic lobe is also called ____
paul broca
components of the limbic lobe
- septal area
- cingulate gyrus
- parahippocampal gyrus with hippocampus & amygdala
- uncus
what is the limbic system defined as?
the limbic lobe and all its subcortical and cortical connections (papez ciruit)
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
- brainstem reticular formation
- epithalamus
- olfactory cortex
- prefrontal cortex
components of hippocampal formation
- part of parahippocampal gyrus
- hippocampus
- dentate gyrus
- subiculum
afferents of hippocampal formation
- entorhinal area of parahippocampal gyrus
- contra hippocampus via hippocampal commissure
- amygdala
- thalamus
- locus coeruleus
- raphe nuclei
- ventral tegmental area
efferents of hippocampal formation
fornix -> septal area & mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
(mamm. bodies -> ant. nucleus of thalamus (mammillothalamic tract) -> cingulate gyrus)
function of hippocampal formation
holds map of spatial memory, implicated in learning & memory, especially short term -> long term explicit memory
lesion of hippocampal formation & surrounding areas
defects in explicit memory and spatial orientation
what were Patient H.M.’s symptoms after having bilateral removal of temporal lobe portions for his intractable epilepsy?
- anterograde amnesia
- profound difficulty with spatial orientation
- unaffected ability to learn, retain, & improve performance in new motor skills, but no recollection of previous attempts
what is explicit/declarative memory and what area of the brain is responsible?
- episodic (events)
- semantic (facts)
medial temporal lobe
what is implicit/non-declarative memory and what areas of the brain are responsible?
- priming (neocortex)
- procedural (skills & habits// striatum)
- emotional responses to associative learning (amygdala)
- MSK responses to associative learning (cerebellum)
what is retrograde amnesia?
don’t remember past
what is anterograde amnesia?
unable to form memories after event
what is global amnesia?
unable to remember anything
what is modality specific amnesia?
unable to form memories via a specific sensory channel (hearing, sight, touch, etc)
afferents of amygdala
autonomic, sensory, auditory & visual info converges in amygdala
efferents of amygdala
via stria terminalis -> septal nuclei & hypothalamus, brainstem & cortex
function of amygdala
affective perception of sensory stimuli:
stimulation results in intense feeling of fear and maybe accompanied by disagreeable olfactory hallucinations
lesion of amygdala
diminished capacity for fear conditioning
what is Kluver Bucy syndrome?
bilateral experimental lesion of monkey temporal lobes including the amygdala & hippocampal formation
symptoms of Kluver Bucy syndrome
- visual agnosia (psychic blindness)
- hyperorality (put things in mouth)
- hypersexuality
- docility
- apathy
- bulimia
- memory deficit
what is Korsakoff’s psychosis?
thiamine deficiency seen sometimes in severe alcoholism that results in anterograde and progressively retrograde amnesia
what is temporal lobe epilepsy?
- olfactory (uncinate fits), visual (deja vu), gustatory, and auditory hallucinations
- lip smacking
- motor acts
- amnesia that can last for several hours
- sometimes aggressive behaviour
what causes schizophrenia?
abnormal temporal lobe differentiation
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I Olfactory8
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II Optic11
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III occulomotor11
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IV Trochlear6
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V Trigeminal16
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VI Abducent6
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VII Facial20
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VIII Vestibulocochlear6
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IX Glossopharyngeal14
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X Vagus6
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XI Accessory7
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XII Hypoglossal5
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Lateral Ventricle Boundaries14
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Basal Ganglia & Motor Control43
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Tracts & Motor Control37
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Reflexes46
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Limbic System27
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ANS52
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Hearing78
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Vestibular30
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Olfaction & Gustation33
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Visual Pathway40
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Anatomy of the Eye32
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Phototransduction48
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Blood Supply20
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Strokes44
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Blood Supply Injuries39
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Dementias, Tumors, & Diseases36
