M3 PART1 Flashcards by CHESKA CIANNELLE FRANCISCO

A host defense system against infectious disease and foreign (non self) antigens.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

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A response generated against a potential pathogen is called

IMMUNE RESPONSE

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first line of defense
non specific to the invading pathogen
rapidly mobilized at the initial site of infection
lacks immunologic memory

INNATE IMMUNITY

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A protein that is produced in response to a particular
pathogen is called

ANTIBODY

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antibody is synonymous to

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

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The substance that induces the production of
antibodies is called

ANTIGEN

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Rapid, immediate response
Antigen nonspecific
No memory, not long-lasting
protection

INNATE IMMUNITY

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Slow response
Highly antigen specific
Induces memory, responds rapidly and vigorously to second antigen exposure

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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which immunity have these immunoligic components

Natural barriers to infection – skin, mucous membranes;
Cells – phagocytes, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells

INNATE IMMUNITY

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which immunity have these immunoligic components

Mediators – complement, defensins, cytokines, sensors (TLR, NOD-like receptors, RAG-1)

INNATE IMMUNITY

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which immunity have these immunoligic components

Cell – T lymphocytes-cell mediated, B lymphocytes - antibody mediated, APCs

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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which immunity have these immunoligic components

Mediators – secreted molecules (cytokines, chemokines, complement)

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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2 classification of adaptive immunity

naturally acquired
artificially acquired

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CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

antigens enter the body naturally
body induces antibodies and specialiazed lymphocytes

ACTIVE IMMUNITY (naturally acquired)

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CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother’s milk

PASSIVE IMMUNITY (naturally acquired)

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CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

antigens are introduced in vaccines
body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

ACTIVE IMMUNITY (artificially acquired)

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CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection

PASSIVE IMMUNITY (artificially acquired)

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The skin, airways, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and genitourinary tract have ________________ as their barrier

EPITHELIAL CELL LAYER

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Epithelial cell layer has ____ that help provide proetction against invading pathogens

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

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has tight junctions and produces a number of powerful antimicrobial peptides that help provide protection against invading pathogens

EPTHELIAL CELL LAYER

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an example of an antimicrobial peptide that dissolves some bacterial cell wall

LYSOZYME

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lysozyme is present on the ____ and can help provide
protection against some microorganisms

SKIN

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present on the skin and in tears and in respiratory and cervical secretions

LYSOZYME

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by virtue of their acid pH and certain chemicals especially fatty acids – have antimicrobial properties that tend to eliminate pathogenic organisms.

SWEAT & SEBACEOUS SECRETIONS

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____ microorganisms are capable of **penetrating intact skin**

FEW

____ can **enter sweat** and **sebaceous glands** and **hair follicles** and establish themselves there.

MANY

The **skin** produces a variety of antimicrobial agents including a **protein with antibacterial properties** known as

PSORIASIN

* **positively charged** peptides * located primarily in the **GI** an **lower respiratory tracts** * create **holes** in **bacterial cell walls** * **disrupts** the **bacterial membrane**

DEFENSINS

**NEUTROPHILS** in the **small intetsine** contain ____ that **house** the **α-defensins**

AZUROPHILIC GRANULES

released following TLR activation

α-defensins

the **defensin** that the epethilial cells in the **respiratory tract** secretes

β-defensin

have also been shown to possess **antiviral activity**

α-defensin

The ____ of the **respiratory tract** offers another mode of protection from infection.

MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM

a **complex mixture** of mucins, proteins, proteases, and protease inhibitors, is a **major component** of the **mucosal epithelium**.

MUCUS

Some bacteria **attach** to the surface epithelial cells by means of

ADHESIVE BACTERIAL SURFACE PROTEINS

the presence of **mucus** **limits bacterial adhesion** to these cell surfaces. Once entrapped in the mucus, the bacteria are **removed** by

CILIARY CLEARANCE

tend to **inhibit microbial adhesion** and **limit exposure time**

MUCOSAL SURFACE & CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS

has mechanisms to **inhibit bacteria**

GI TRACT

The ____ of the **stomach** and the ____ of the **small intestine** make this environment **hostile** to many bacteria.

ACIDITY OF STOMACH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES of small intetsine

An **additional barrier** to microbial invasion is the effect of the

CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT

the presence of an ____ pH in **sweat** and **sebaceous secretions** and the ____ pH of the **stomach** have **antimicrobial properties**.

HIGH ph in sweat & sebaceous LOW ph in stomach

the production of ____ on the **skin** also tends to **eliminate pathogenic organisms**

FATTY ACIDS

a **good barrier** because it is **dry** | bacteria needs **water** to grow

SKIN

are parts of immune response | they are **good** immune response

FEVER & INFLAMMATION

When a pathogen **enters** the skin, it is **confronted** by **macrophages** and **other phagocytic cells** possessing

MICROBIAL SENSORS

Recognize presence of pathogens

MICROBIAL SENSORS

3 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROBIAL SENSORS

TLRs NOD-like receptors (NLRs) RIG-1-like helicase & MDA5

* **best studied** of the microbial sensors * **Type 1** transmembrane proteins that recognize **pathogen-associated molecular patterns** * constitue a **first line of defense** * play a critical role in **initiating the immune response** * generates a **rapid and robust inflammatory response** marked by **cellular activation** & **cytokine release**

TLRs Toll-like receptors

how many TLRs have been identified to date

* **intracellular sensors** for microbial products * located in the **cytoplasm** * activate the nuclear factor and drive inflammatory responses similar to TLRs

NLRs NOD-like receptors

cytoplasmic sensors of viral **ssRNA**

RIG-1like helicase & MDA5

these target **viruses**

INTERFERONS

The cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems originate in

BONE MARROW

give rise to **red blood cells**, **platelets**, and the **cells** of the **innate immune system.**

MYELOID CELLS

give rise to cells essential to **adaptive immunity**, such as T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

LYMPHOID CELLS

* **MAJOR PHAGOCYTIC CELL** * **short half-life** * destroys pathogens within intracellular vesicle

NEUTROPHILS

monocytes **mature** into

MACROPHAGES

* **small** leuokocytes * circulate in the blood * found in almost **all tissues**

MONOCYTES

* **critical cells** * **engulf** & **kill** pathogens * process and present antigen * regulate immune reactivity by producing variety molecules

MACROPHAGES

monocytes in the liver

KUPFFER CELLS

responsible for **histamine** production

BASOPHILS

* present in the blood, lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, lung, and other tissues * responsible for the **uptake** and **removal of foreign antigen**

PHAGOCYTES

a T lymphocyte but works for innate immune system

NATURAL KILLER CELL

origin of all lymphocytes

LYMPHOID PROGENITOR CELL

* densely staining granules * It includes the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

GRANULOCYTES

phagocytic vesicle is also called

PHAGOSOME

a **multistep process** whereby a phagocytic cell **recognizes** the pathogen, **ingests** it, and then **destroys** the engulfed organism

PHAGOCYTOSIS

the neutrophil recognizes, engulfs, and internalizes he pathogen into an **endocytic vesicle** called | P

PHAGOSOME

when the neutrophil **completes its mission**, it undergoes ____

APOPTOSIS

* They are leukocytes that have **no granules** * It includes monocytes and macrophages

AGRANULOCYTES

macrophage in the **nervous tissues**

MICROGLIAL CELLS

destruction of **parasites**, attach to the parasite if it is big

EOSINOPHIL

* They are also phagocytic cells and can d**egrade pathogens**. * Their main role is to **activate T cells** in the **adaptive immune response** by acting as an **antigen-presenting cell** and by producing regulatory cytokines.

DENDRITIC CELLS

# IN ORDER MECHANISM OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

CHEMOTAXIS ADHERENCE INGESTION DIGESTION

chemical signals **attract phagocytes** to microorganisms

CHEMOTAXIS

**attachment** of phagocytes to the surface of microorganism

ADHERENCE

Microorganism is **engulfed** by the phagocyte

INGESTION

Microorganisms are **digested** inside the **phagolysosome** (fusion of phagosome and lysosome)

DIGESTION

fusion of phagosome and lysosome

PHAGOLYSOSOME

* **Large**, **granular lymphocytes** morphologically related to T cells, which make up **10 – 15%** of blood leukocytes. * can **recognize** and **kill virus-infected cells** and **tumor cells**.

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

NK cells can recognize what type of cells | 2

virus-infected cells tumor cells

A natural killer (NK) cell recognizes ____ on a **healthy cell** and **does not kill it**.

MHC I

An ____ **does not** present the MHC I, but does present ligands for the activating receptor. Thus, the NK cell will **trigger a response** that **kills the cell**.

INFECTED CELL

basis for health cell detection

MHC I

the complement system consists of approximately ____ proteins found in the **serum** or on the **membrane** of selected cells that **interact in a cascade**

it initiates a **series of biochemical reactions** that ultimately culminate in **cellular lysis** or **destruction of the pathogen**.

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

* antibody **binds** to antigen of microorganism * **series** of reaction * **first pathway to be discovered**

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

* can be activated by the **infectious agents ** * factors **B**, **D**, and **properdin** * **first line of pathway**

ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY

* **mannose-binding lectin (MBL)** binds to microorganism

MB LECTIN PATHWAY

a **common systemic manifestation** of the inflammatory response and is a **cardinal symptom of infectious disease**

FEVER

**main regulator** of **body temperature**

HYPOTHALAMUS

# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT * The **lysis of cells**, such as bacteria, virus-infected cells, and tumor cells. * **cells burst** * This process **occurs** through the **development of the membrane attack complex (MAC)** (C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9), which inserts into the membrane of an organism or cell. * The MAC creates **holes** in the cell membrane, which leads to **loss of osmotic integrity** and **rupture** of the microbe or cell.

CYTOLYSIS

# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT * **directed movement** of leukocytes **up a gradient concentration toward the site of infection** * most important chemotactic substances is **C5a**

CHEMOTAXIS

# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT * A term used to describe how antibodies or C3b can **enhance phagocytic engulfment** of microbes. * **Macrophages** and **neutrophils** have receptors for C3b and therefore **can bind C3b-coated organisms**. This binding **trigger phagocytosis**.

OPSONIZATION

# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT * It is a **local response** resulting from a **damage/injury** to the **body’s tissues**. * The damage can be caused by **microbial infection**, **physical agent**, or **chemical agent**. * promote **vasodilation** and increase **vascular permeability**

INFLAMMATION / ANAPHYLATOXINS

* a **result of any injury to tissues** or following the **establishment** and **multiplication of microorganisms**. It is the **protective local response to injury**

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Activation of the ____ leads to the **release of cytokines** like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and other mediators like prostaglandin and leukotriene, **causing pain and inflammation**

MACROPHAGES

* It is a **vascular reaction** whose net result is the delivery of fluid, dissolved substances, and cells from the circulating blood into the interstitial tissues in an area of injury.

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

* source: **mast cells**, **basophil**, **platelets** * effect: **Vasodilation** and **increased permeability** of bloodvessels

HISTAMINE

* source: **Blood plasma** * effect: **chemotaxis**

KININ

* source: **Damaged cells** * effect: **Intensify** the effects of **histamine** and **kinins** and **help phagocytes move** through **capillary walls**

PROSTAGLANDIN

* source: **Mast cell** and **basophil** * effect: Increase permeability of blood vessels and **help attach phagocytes to pathogens**

LEUOKTRIENES

* source: **Blood plasma** * effect: **Stimulates release of histamine**, **attracts phagocytes**, and **promotes phagocytosis**

COMPLEMENT

* source: **Fixed Macrophage** * effect: **Vasodilation** and increased permeability of blood vessels

CYTOKINES

Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

* Rubor (redness) * Calor (heat) * Tumor (swelling) * Dolor (pain) * LOSS OF FUNCTION (Functio laesa altered function)

during inflammation there is ____ because of dilation

HEAT

phagocytes are usually where

INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSELS

FEVER is induced by

PYROGENS | hence, anti-pyretic

* cell structure that is capable of **inducing fever** * **gram negative** * in the **outer membrane**

ENDOTOXIN

PYROGENS | fever inducing agents

CYTOKINES ENDOTOXIN

# BENEFITS OF ???? * a **defense** against disease * increases **T-cell proliferation** and **antibody production** * **speeds up** the body’s reactions which help the body tissues to **repair themselves more quickly**.

FEVER

fever activates ____

IL-1 interunit 1 (cytokine)

fever stregthen the effect of

INTEFERONS

fever increases production of ____ (decreased iron)

TRANSFERRIN

if the body temperature is ↑, the body's reactions is

MAS MABILIS

main cause of fever

BACTERIAL INFECTION

blood vessels are ____ during fever

CONSTRICTED

tragets mainly **VIRUSES**

INTERFERONS

* These are **proteins** produced **during viral infections**. * They help **control viral replication** by **inhibiting protein synthesis** in cells. * It includes alpha interferon, beta-interferon, and gamma-interferon (produced by T-lymphocytes).

INTERFERONS

signals neighboring **uninfected cells** to **destroy RNA** & **reduce protein synthesis**

IFN-α

signals neigboring **infected cells** to **undergo apoptosis**

IFN-β

activates immune cells

IFN-γ

M3 PART1 Flashcards

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