MICROPARA > M4 > Flashcards

M4 Flashcards

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1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

all microorganisms are harmful

A

FALSE

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2
Q

microorganisms that are sources of antibiotics

A

FUNGI
BACTERIA

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3
Q

microorganisms that live inside human body

A

HUMAN MICROBIOTA

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4
Q

where does human microbiota usually lives in the human body

A

SKIN
MUCUS MEMBRANE

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5
Q

these do not produce diseases instead, we can derive benifts from them

A

HUMAN MICROBIOATA

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6
Q

2 TYPES OF MICROBIOATA

A

RESIDENT & TRANSIENT

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7
Q

permanent microbioata

A

RESIDENT

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8
Q

temporary microbiota

A

TRANSIENT

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9
Q

what would happen if the resident microbioata are disturbed?

A

they can reestablish themselves

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10
Q
  • non pathogenic microbiota
  • do not produce disease
A

RESIDENT

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11
Q
  • can either be non pathogenic or potentially pathogenic
A

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

when does the transient microbiota become pathogenic

A

WHEN THEY ARE DISTURBED

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14
Q
  • one organism benefits, and the other one remain unaffected
  • the microorganism benefits from our skin, but the host do not benefit anything

STAPHYLOCCOCUS EPIDERMIS BACTERIA on skin

A

COMMENSALISM

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15
Q
  • both organisms benifit
  • best type
  • the microorganism benefit from us and we benefit from it

E. coli in the large intestine

A

MUTUALISIM

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16
Q
  • provides an environment for E. coli for their survival & growth
  • rich in nutrients
A

LARGE INTESTINE

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17
Q

E. coli can help with with the synthesis of

A

VITAMIN K

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18
Q

vitamin that is essential for blood clotting

A

VITAMIN K

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19
Q
  • one organism benefits at the expense of the other
  • the best way to describe a relationship between a disease causing microorganism

Influenza

A

PARASITISM

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20
Q

microbioata act as ____ of defense against microbial pathogens

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

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21
Q

microbioata assist in ____

A

digestion

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22
Q

microbiota contribute to ____ of the immune system

A

MATURATION

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23
Q

what does the host provide to the microorganism

A

environment that support microbial growth

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

not all tissues in the human body has the presence of microbiota

A

TRUE

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25
# TRUE OR FALSE there should be the **presence** of microorganism in the **blood**
FALSE
26
**most important** organism in the **skin**
STAPHYLOCCOCUS EPIDERMIS
27
type of microbioata that the skin mostly contains
TRANSIENT
28
**most important** organism in the **NOSE**
S. AUREUS
29
**most important** organism in the **MOUTH**
VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI
30
**most important** organism in the **DENTAL PLAQUE**
STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
31
a number of **potentially pathogenic MO** are part of the normal microbiota in the ____
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
32
abundant **moisture**, **warmth**, and the **constant presence of food** make the ____ an ideal environment for microbial population
MOUTH
33
**most important** organism in the **THROAT**
VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI
34
normal microbiota **can only be seen** at what part of the **respiratory tract**
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
35
these are normally **non pathogenic** if they **reside** in their **normal location**
RESIDENT MICROBIOTA
36
**dominant** organism in **colon**
BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
37
normally at birth, the intestine is ___
STERILE
38
**most important** organism in the **COLON**
BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS ESSCHERICHIA COLI
39
40
* soon after birth, ____ appear in the **vagina** and **persist**
LACTOBACILLI
41
when the **pH** becomes **neutral**, a **mixed flora** of ____ and ____ are **present**
COCCI & BACILLI
42
* **most important** organism in the **VAGINA** * it also makes the vagina **acidic**
LACTOBACILLUS
43
these organs that are parts of the **GI tract** **does not** have microbiota
STOMACH & SMALL INTESTINE
44
the **flow of tears** contains
ANTIBACTERIAL LYSOZYME
45
these organisms **do not cause disease** on their **normal habitat** in a healthy person but **may do so in a different environment** ## Footnote * microbes that gain access thrugh broken skin or mucous * if the host is already weakened or compromised by an infection
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
46
a **disease** that is primarily **caused** by **pathogenic microorganisms**
INFECTION
47
**infection** is primarily **caused** by
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
48
**objective** changes that **can be measured** and **observed** by the physician and are **used** for his **diagnosis** ## Footnote fever, blood pressure
SIGNS
49
**subjective** changes **felt by the patient** and are **not apparent** to the **physician** ## Footnote headache, pain, malaise
SYMPTOMS
50
# TRUE OR FALSE disease and infection are not synonymous
TRUE
51
refers to any **change** from our **general state of good health** (physical health)
DISEASE
52
* consider the **new cases** of the disease in the population * an indicator of the **spread** of the disease
INCIDENCE
53
* considers **all cases**; both the **old** & the **existing** cases
PREVALENCE
54
disease that is **constantly present** in **low numbers**
ENDEMIC
55
disease that are **occassionally** occuring
SPORADIC
56
* there is a **sudden increase** of the disease in a **certain region/country** * **confined** in one region only
EPIDEMIC
57
develops **rapidly** but lasts only a **short time**
ACUTE
58
develops **slowly** and lasts for a **long time**
CHRONIC
59
**causative agents remain inactive** for a time but then **becomes active**
LATENT
60
the agents of this disease can establish a period of latency
HERPES
61
invading microorganism are **limited** to a relatively **small area** of the body
LOCAL
62
invading microorganism are **spread throughout the body**
SYSTEMIC
63
a **local** infection that **later develop** into a **systemic** infection
FOCAL
64
acute infection that **causes the inital** illness or disease
PRIMARY
65
caused by an **opportunistic pathogen** when the body's defenses **weakened**
SECONDARY
66
can be detected only by a **rise in antibody titer** or by **isolating** the microorganism
INAPPARENT OR SUBCLINICAL
67
causative agents
BACTERIA VIRUSES PARASITES FUNGAL ORGANISMS
68
where does the causative agents live & multiply
reservoir
69
* A disease that is **spread** from one person to another person. * **Contagious** disease
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
70
A disease that is **not transmitted** from one host to another.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
71
A disease that occurs only **occasionally** within the population of a **particular geographic area**.
SPORADIC
72
An “**outbreak**”, a disease that occurs **much more frequently** than usual in a **particular region** usually occurring within a **relatively short period**
EPIDEMIC
73
A disease that has a **worldwide** distribution
PANDEMIC
74
The microorganism **causing** the infection or disease ## Footnote Treponema pallidum - Syphilis Escherichia coli - Urinary Tract Infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Tuberculosis Staphylococcus aureus - Toxic Shock Syndrome
PATHOGEN
75
* The **source** of the pathogen or the disease-causing microorganism * It is a **site** where the pathogen can **multiply** or merely **survive** until it is transferred to a host
RESERVOIR
76
The **most important reservoir** of human disease
HUMAN BODY
77
it can be **people** with the disease as well as carriers
HUMAN RESERVOIR
78
persons that **harbor pathogens** and **transmit** them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness
CARRIERS
79
carry pathogens **without ever having** had the disease
PASSIVE CARRIER
80
a person who is **capable of transmitting** a pathogen during the **incubation period** of a particular disease
INCUBATORY CARRIER
81
a person who harbors and can transmit a pathogen while **recovering** from a disease
CONVALESCENT CARRIER
82
a person who had **completely recovered** from the disease but **continue** to **harbor** the pathogen **indefinitely**
ACTIVE CARRIER
83
Both **wild** and **domesticated animals** are living reservoir of microorganisms that can cause human diseases
ANIMAL RESERVOIR
84
are diseases that humans **acquire** from **animal sources**
ZOONOSES ZOONOTIC DISEASES
85
The **major inanimate** or **nonliving** reservoir of infectious diseases are
AIR SOIL WATER
86
air soil water
NONLIVING RESERVOIR
87
* A **way** for the pathogen to **escape** from the reservoir * Definite **routes of exit** that are related to the part of the body that has been infected
PORTAL OF EXIT
88
A way for the pathogen to **travel** from one host to another
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
89
**principal routes** which pathogens can be **transmitted**
CONTACT VEHICLE VECTOR | all transmission
90
* A way for the pathogen to **gain entry** into a host * The **specific route** by which pathogens **gain access** to the body * Pathogens have preferred ____ that is a **prerequisite** to their being able to cause disease
PORTAL OF ENTRY
91
A person/animal/plant that is **affected**
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
92
**study** of disease
PATHOLOGY
93
**cause** of the disease
ETIOLOGY
94
the **development** of the disease
PATHOGENESIS
95
the **ability to cause** the disease
PATHOGENICITY
96
etiologic agent of tuberculosis
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
97
Is a **quantitative measure** of **pathogenicity** and is measured by the number of organisms required to cause a disease
VIRULENCE
98
what do you call a **pathogen** that **can cause a disease**
VIRULENT
99
organisms that **cannot** cause a disease
AVIRULENT
100
These are **phenotypic characteristics** or **physical attributes** of pathogens that **enable** them to **escape** various **host defense mechanisms** and **can cause disease**
VIRULENCE FACTORS
101
STAGES OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS
TRANSMISSION EVASION ADHERENCE COLONIZATION SYMPTOMS
102
* These are **long**, **thin**, **hair-like**, **flexible** projections * **Enable** bacteria to **attach to surfaces** including various tissues within the human body
PILI / FIMBRIAE
103
pili / fimbriae is also called as
COLONIZATION FACTORS
104
array of proteins that the pili / fimbriae is primarily composed of
PILIN
105
A form of **glycocalyx** that have an **antiphagocytic action**
CAPSULE
106
* **Threadlike** projections used for **locomotion** or **mobility** * **Virulent** because of their **antiphagocytic function**
FLAGELLA
107
* These are **extracellular enzymes** produced by some bacteria * Enable them to **evade** host **defense mechanisms**, **invade** or **cause damage** to body tissues
EXOENZYMES
108
* are **proteins** produced **inside** pathogenic bacteria which are **secreted** into the **surrounding medium** * SECRETES **ALIVE** BACTERIA
EXOTOXINS
109
* are **constitutive elements** of the bacteria membrane. they are only **liberated** when the **bacteria die** * SECRETES **DEAD** BACTERIA
ENDOTOXINS
110
* secreted by **living cell** * can be **produced** by both **gram -** or **gram +** * they are **proteins (polypeptides)** * **unstable** * **highly antigenic**; trigger an immune response, production of antibodies * preventable by **vaccine** * **highly toxic** * targets **specific cell** * do **not** produce **fever**
EXOTOXINS
111
* found on the **cell wall (outer membrane)** of the **gram negative** bacteria * found only in **gram negative** * **lipopolysaccharides** * **stable** * **weakly immunogenic** * no available toxoids * **moderately** toxic * **no specific** receptors * **produce fever**
ENDOTOXIN
112
responsible for the **toxicity** of **endotoxins**
LIPID A
113
antibodies against **toxins**
ANTITOXINS
114
**vaccine** against a **toxin**
TOXOIDS
115
what type of immunity can an **antitoxin** confer
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
116
what type of immunity can an **toxoids** confer
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
117
Exotoxins are **released** from bacteria by **specialized structures** called
SECRETION SYSTEMS
118
causes fever & **hypotension**
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR
119
causes **hypotension**
NITRIC OXIDE
120
causes hypotension **edema**
C3a
121
causes **neutrophil chemotaxis**
C5a
122
DIC -- abnormal blood clotting
disseminated intravascular coagulation
123
are **poisonous substances** that are produced by certain microorganisms considered as the **primary factor** that **contributes** to the **pathogenic properties** of those microbes
TOXINS
124
degrade **collagen** & **hyaluronic acid**
COLLAGENASE & HYALURONIDASE
125
**accelerates** the formation of **fibrin clot**
COAGULASE
126
**dissolves** the fibrin clot
STREPTOKINASE
127
destroy **phagocytic cells** (leukocytes)
LEUKOCIDIN
128
lyses **RBC**
HEMOLYSIN
129
enzyme that **degrade immunoglobulin (IgA1)**
IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTEASES
130
Antiphagocytic
CAPSULE CELL WALL PROTEIN
131
microbes that are **present** for a **short time** and **dont cause disease**
TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
132
* **neutrophils** predominate * pus forming
PYOGENIC
133
* **Macrophages** and **T cells** predominate * form a **cluster**
GRANULOMATOUS
134
pyo means
pus
135
this is where microorganisms **live and grow** within cells by: * **avoid entry** into phagolysosomes * **prevent fusion** of phagosome & lysosome * **resist** lysosomal enzymes
INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL
136
It is the time between the **acquisition** of the microorganism and the **beginning** or **appearance** of any signs or symptoms
INCUBATION PERIOD
137
A relatively short period where **non-specific symptoms** occur – fever, malaise and loss of appetite
PRODROMAL PERIOD
138
It is the time during which **overt** characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease occur
ILLNESS PERIOD
139
Period when the signs and symptoms **subside**, the patient is **vulnerable** to secondary infections
DECLINE PERIOD
140
The **recovery** period, during which the illness **abates** and the patient **returns** to the **healthy state**
CONVALESCENCE PERIOD
141
the site from where microorganisms **leave** the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection.
PORTAL OF EXIT
142
Development of an infection involves a **continuous process**, referred to as the
CHAIN OF INFECTION
143
is the **movement** or the **transmission** of pathogens from a reservoir to a susceptible host. Once a pathogen has exited the reservoir, it needs ____ to the host through a portal of entry.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
144
* It is the spread of the microorganism by **direct** contact, **indirect** contact, **droplet** transmission or **airborne** transmission.
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
145
* **Horizontal** transmission * kissing, touching and sexual intercourse
DIRECT CONTACT
146
handkerchief, utensils, needles and syringes
INDIRECT CONTACT
147
Transmission over **distances** of one meter or less. Examples: sneezing, coughing, laughing and talking
DROPLET TRANSMISSION
148
* Transmission over distances **greater than one meter** * **Droplet** nuclei containing MO remain **suspended in air** for **long periods of time** * Examples: sneezing, coughing, laughing and breathing
AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
149
Refers to the transmission of disease agents through a **medium** such as -- water, food, air, blood, body fluids and even drugs and IV fluids
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
150
Are **animals** or **arthropods** that carry pathogens from one host to another
VECTOR TRANSMISSION
151
If the **insect** makes **contact** with a **host’s food**, pathogens can be transferred to the food and later swallowed by the host.
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION | PASSIVE TRANSPORT
152
The arthropod **bites** an infected person or animal and **ingests** some of the **infected blood**. The pathogens then reproduce in the vector, and the increase in the number of pathogens increases the possibility that they will be transmitted to another host.
BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION | ACTIVE TRANSPORT
153
* **non living objects** that can harbor organisms and then later on cause transmission * a form of indirect contact ## Footnote doorknob, handkerchief
FOMITE
154
is the site through which microorganisms **enter** the susceptible host and cause disease/infection
PORTAL OF ENTRY
155
normally serves as a **barrier** to infection
SKIN
MICROPARA
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