MDM: Solutions

Question 1

What is a solution

Answer 1

A mixture of 2 or more components that form a single phase down to molecular level

Question 2

What is the disperse phase and dispersion medium?

Answer 2

The solute (disperse phase) is dissolved in the solvent (disperse medium)

Question 3

What is the difference between solutions, emulstions and suspensions?

Answer 3

• solution - solid dissolved in liquid
• suspension - solid dispersed in liquid
• emulsion - liquid dispersed in liquid

Question 4

When are the terms miscibility and solubility used?

Answer 4

miscibility used when gas in gas or liquid in liquid

Question 5

What are examples of solutions

Answer 5

• Elixirs
• syrups
• mixtures
• Linctus
• drops

Question 6

What is a mixture?

Answer 6

solution or suspension

Question 7

What is a syrup?

Answer 7

Liquid medicine containing a sugar for flavouring or preservation

Question 8

What is a Linctus

Answer 8

syrupy medicinal preperation taken to relieve coughs and sore throats

Question 9

What is an elixir?

Answer 9

Liquid containing a medicinal drug with syrup, glycerol or alcohol added to mask an unpleasant taste

Question 10

What is a drop?

Answer 10

A solution or suspension for a specific application to tounge, eyes or ears

Question 11

What are the advantages of a solution?

Answer 11

• Easy to swallow
• absorption not delayed as already in solution
• drug is uniformly distriubted throughout the solution
• uniform dose providing volume is measured accurately

Question 12

What are disadvantages of a solution

Answer 12

• Bulky to carry around
• generally less stable than solid dosage forms
• 5 ml spoon or syringe required
• unpleasant flavours can be difficult to mask

Question 13

1. Which routes have use isontic saline solutions?
2. Which routes use steriods?
3. Which routes use antibiotics?

Answer 13

1. eyes, nose (INE)
2. Oropharynx, nose, ears (ONE)
3. Eyes, ears (EE)

Question 14

What are ploymers used for in solutions?

Answer 14

Viscosity enhancers

Question 15

What is an example of a natural polymer and its uses?

where do they come form?

Answer 15

• Celluse - viscosity enhacing agent (plants)
• Gelatin - gelling agent (vertebrates)

Question 16

What is an example of a semisynthetic polymer and its uses?

Answer 16

Methylcellulose - thickening/ emulsifing

hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Question 17

What is an example of a synthetic polymer?

Answer 17

Poly acrylic acid, poly vinyl alcohol

Question 18

Draw poly acrylic acid

Answer 18

Question 19

1. Draw the rehology graphs for:
   a. Newtonin flow
   b. Plastic flow
   c. pseudo plastic
   d. dilatant
2. What are the ‘n’ and delta values?

Answer 19

a. n=1, d=0
b. n<1, d>0
c. n<1, d=0
d. n>1, d=0

Question 20

What are examples of newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic and dilant flows?

Answer 20

1. Newtonin: water, ethanol
2. plastic: fluctuated particles in concentrated suspensions e.g. creams, paste
3. Pseudoplastic: natural, synthetic, semi synthetic polymers in solution e.g. methylcellulose
4. 4. dilatant: 50% w/v startch/water suspensions

Question 21

What is the power law?

what is the equation for viscosity?

What are the units?

Answer 21

σ=nýⁿ + σ^o

Viscosity = shear stress/ rate of shear

n= pa. s

shear stress = pa

rate of shear = s-1

Question 22

What is tinctus?

Answer 22

A medicine made by dissolving drug in alcohol

Question 23

What are spirits?