Topical dosage forms

Question 1

What does skin protect against?

Answer 1

Humidity, temperature, radiation, pollution (htpr)

Question 2

What is the function(s) of skin?

Answer 2

Protection for internal organs, mediator of pain and touch, body temperature and blood pressure regulation, expression of emotions

Question 3

Examples of physical, chemical and biological damages to skin

Answer 3

• · Physical—cut, bruise
• · Chemical—bite, sting
• · Biological—microorganisms

Question 4

Describe the epidermis

Answer 4

• Varies In thickness and multi layered
• Stratum corneum is the layer of dead, keratinized cells which is almost impermeable

Question 5

Describe the dermis

Answer 5

Matrix of connective tissue made from fibrous proteins (collagen, elastin and recticulin). Contains lymphatic & blood vessels and nerves

Question 6

Describe the subcutaneous tissues

Answer 6

• Provides a mechanical cushion and thermal barrier
• Produces and stores readily available chemicals

Question 7

Describe the eccrine sweat gland productions

Answer 7

• Sweat produced pH 4 – 6.8
• Involved in heat control
• Secretes drugs, antibodies, proteins and antigens (DAPA)

Question 8

Describe apocrine gland production

Answer 8

• Develops at the piloscebacious follicle
• Produces milk/ oily secretion containing proteins, lipoprotein and lipids
• Body smells—surface bacteria metabolize it

Question 9

Describe sebaceous gland production

Answer 9

• · SG opens into hair follicles
• · Produce sebum from cell distigration
• · Contains glycerides, FA and cholesterol

Question 10

Where do hair follicles develop?

Answer 10

All over skin bar lips, soles and palms

Question 11

What does treatment of the stratum corneum involve?

Answer 11

• hydrating the horny layer
• Exfoliation

Question 12

What is used to treat the stratum corneum and what does this do?

Answer 12

Emollients

• Smooth, sooth and hydrate skin
• Short lived—apply frequently
• Used in dry / eczemous disorders

Question 13

Describe treatment of skin appendages

Answer 13

• · Antiperspirants—reduce excess sweating
• · Topical exfoliatent/ antibiotics—treat acne
• · Topical imidazole—treat fungal diseases
• · Male baldness treatment

Question 14

What drug(s) are in topical antibiotics?

Answer 14

erythromycin and clindomycin

Question 15

Describe treatment of the epidermis / dermis

Answer 15

• · Anti inflammatries—(NSAIDS)
• · Anti histamines—bites/ stings
• · Antipruritic - itching
• · Anaesthetics– pain
• · UV—psoriasis
• · Light therapies—Cancer

Question 16

Describe simple soaks/ bathes

Answer 16

• · AI in aqueous solution / suspension
• · Gums/ gelling agents vary the consistency

Question 17

Describe liniments

Answer 17

• · Alcoholic or oily solutions/ emulsions
• · Massaged into skin—not broken skin
• · Contains methyl Salicylate or camphor

Question 18

Describe Lotions

Answer 18

• · Aqueous solutions/ suspensions
• · Evaporation of alchohol/ water sooths skin
• · Can be dilute O/W emulsions

Question 19

Describe Ointments

Answer 19

• Greasy, semi solid preparations
• Hydrocarbon bases, Absorption bases, Emulsifying bases, Water– sol bases, Silicone bases, Fats/fixed oil bases

Question 20

Describe oily creams

Answer 20

Contains W/O emulsifying agent

Question 21

Describe aqueous creams

Answer 21

Contains a O/W emulsifying agent