1
Q
What is genetics
A
genes made of DNA
2
Q
What is DNA
A
a sequence of bases
3
Q
the flow of genetic info
A
expression
replicaiton
recombination
4
Q
What does DNA do
A
replicates
transcribes into RNA
5
Q
The 4 bases in DNA replication
A
adenine - binds to thymine
thymine
guanine - binds to cytosine
cytosine
6
Q
what is DNA transcription
A
Rewriting of DNA into RNA
7
Q
enzyme used in DNA transcription
A
RNA polymerase/transcriptase
8
Q
How is DNA transcription done with RNA polymerase
A
attaches to DNA
DNA will separate
begins to rewrite the DNA strand into RNA
9
Q
Types of RNA
A
rRNA - ribosomal RNA
tRNA - transfer RNA
mRNA - messenger RNA
10
Q
how much of the ribosome does rRNA take
A
2/3
11
Q
what does tRNA do
A
transfers amino acids
12
Q
what does mRNA do
A
carries a messenger carrier to protein
13
Q
translation (protein synthesis)
A
turns messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids
14
Q
For every 3 bases, what is there
A
There is a complementary base that is chemically bound, where the sequence of amino acids becomes a protein
15
Q
What is a codon
A
3 bases that code for 1 amino acid (messenger RNA by definition)
16
Q
what are the bases of amino acids
A
anticodon
17
Q
How many amino acids go into a protein
A
20
18
Q
mutation
A
change in DNA sequence
19
Q
genotype
A
genetic composition of an organism
20
Q
phenotype
A
expressed characteristics
21
Q
spontaneous mutation
A
occur naturally (1 in 10)
22
Q
induced mutation
A
induced by chemical or physical agents
23
Q
silent mutation
A
change in genotype but not phenotype
24
Q
base sub mutation/types of mutation
A
missense mutation
nosense mutation
framshift mutation
25
missense mutation
change in code that results in a change in amino acid
codes for different amino acids
26
nonsense mutation
where base change results in stop codon
27
framshift mutation
insertion or deletion of a base that results in an amino acids that shouldnt be there
28
Genetics and metabolism are tied together by the fact
A) the gene code of a phenotype characteristic that results in a protein being produced
B) the genes code for enzymes that catalyze reactions that result in characteristics
C) the protein code for genes that result in enzymes that catalyze reactions
D) the enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces proteins
E) none of the above
B
29
A person has brown eyes because
A) The genes for brown eyes are brown
B) the mRNA for brown eyes is brown
C) Enzymes catalyze reactions that produce brown products
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
C
30
physical mutagenic agent
ultra violet light
31
How is thymene damaged by ultraviolet light
causes adjacent covalent bond/crosslinking, forming thymine dimer
32
How is the damaged thymine repaired
Endonuclease cuts DNA, and exonuclease removes damaged DNA
DNA polymerases fill the gap by synthesizing new DNA
DNA ligases seal the gap
33
chemical mutagenic agents
tobacco
weed
34
double mutation
Specific genes in a single cell will initiate cancer
35
what is the greatest fear that teen girls have about smoking?
wrinkles
36
what is the greatest fear that teen boys have about smoking?
erectile disfunction
37
how does smoking cause cancer?
Chemicals (inducers) in the smoke will induce mutations in individual lung cells
other chemicals (promoters) in smoking will promote replication of mutated cells, which are stronger
38
inducers
single mutation
can multiply with promoter
39
one-way gene transfer
transfermation
conjugation/Gram-positive conjugation
transduction
40
transfermation
uptake and expression of naked DNA
41
genetic transformation demo
An encapsulated bacterium will kill the subject
a non-encapsulated bacterium will not kill the subject bc of the immune system
Heat-killed encapsulated bacteria don't kill the subject
Living nonencapsulated and heat-killed encapsulated bacteria will kill the subject
42
how do the living nonencapsulated and heat-killed encapsulated bacteria kill the subject
The non-encapsulated bacteria picked up DNA from the heat-killed encapsulated bacteria, making them encapsulated
43
how does conjugation work
F+ cell creates pilus and F- cell attaches (only in Gram-negative), where the F factor from the F+ cell is copied to the F- cell to create an identical F+ cell
44
how is the pilus in conjugation made
The f factor codes the creation of the pilus
45
Gram-positive conjugation
identified in streptococci
no sex pilus
uses sex pheromones
46
How does Gram-positive conjugation work in Streptococcus
A strain without the plasmid z produces CIA clumping agent, which will create a sticky substance if a strain with plasmid z sticks to it, and the plasmid z will copy and transfer
47
transduction process
A virus infects a bacterial cell (phage)
Viral DNA breaks the host chromosome into pieces
The viral capsid will occasionally take up host DNA and put it into the phage capsid
lysed
recycle
48
Of the three one-way gene transfer methods, which one requires the recipient to be alive?
all of them
49
Of the three one-way gene transfer methods, which one requires the donor to be alive?
conjugation
50
genetic engineering
51
restriction enzymes
cuts out foreign DNA
52
procedure of genetic engineering
plasmid isolated from a cell
Interested in DNA cleaved into fragments
fragment inserted into the plasmid
plasmid taken up by the cell
cloned
create and harvest copies of a gene or create and harvest protein products of a gene
53
control of microorganisms
physical
chemical
antimicrobial
54
sterilization
killing or removing of all organisms from a given area
55
physical methods of control
heat
filtration
desication
radiation
osmotic pressure
low temps
56
which physical method of control is the most efficient
heat
57
heat
moist heat under pressure - 15 psi, 121 °C, 15min - autoclave
dry heat - oven
incineration
boiling water
patseurization - high temp+time
58
Which form of heat control is sterilization
dry heat
incineration
59
filtration
for heat-sensitive liquids
doesn't let through cells
60
desication
drying
control of growth
61
radiation
ultra violet radiation - cuts down # of microbs
ionizing radiation
62
ionizing radiation
can directly break down DNA
will ionize that water in a cell
for things you can't heat
63
Why would endospores be resistant to ionizing radiation
because they have no water
64
Which form of radiation control is sterilization
ionizing radiation
65
osmotic pressure
cured foods
canned fruits in syrups
66
low temps
fridge/freezer
Bacteria will also be preserved
lyophilization - freeze-drying - preservation
67
Which forms of physical controls are sterilization
heat
filtration
radiation?
68
chemical controls
antiseptic
disinfectant
sanitizer
69
antiseptic
Chemicals are typically used to inhibit and kill microbes
70
disinfectant
Chemicals used on non-living objects to inhibit and kill microbes
71
sanitizer
chemicals used to reduce bacterial # to a safe level according to health requirements
72
suffices
stasis, static - inhibition
cide, cidal - killing
73
major targets of disinfectants
cell membranes
cellular proteins
74
variables in disinfectants
concentrations (besides alcohol)
time
temp
surroundings of medium
75
some disinfectant agents
phenol
cresol
alcohols
soaps and detergents
formaldehyde
hydrogen peroxide
bleach
ethylrn odixde
76
antimicrobial controls
chemotherepy
antibiotics
chemically-synthesized chemo agents
77
chemotherepy
used to destroy disease organisms without destroying the host
78
antibiotics
by-products of metabolism in chemo
79
chemically-synthesized chemo agents
e.g. sulfanmids
80
antimicrobial criteria for usefulness
low in toxicity to the host while destroying the disease organism
The host should not become allergic
The disease organism should not become resistant
81
major action modes of antibiotics
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
inhibition of protein synthesis
inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
injury to plasma
inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis
82
What needs to happen for antibiotics to work
organism needs to grow
83
antibiotics to know
penicillin
erythromycine
ciprfloxacin
Polymyxin B
sulfanilamide (not a true antibiotic)
84
how is ciprfloxacin used
treat anthrax
85
antimicrobial resistance
blocking entry
inactivation of enzymes
alteration of target molecules
efflix of antibiotics
86
measures to minimize antibiotic resistance
avoidance of indiscriminate use
dose should be high
combo og antibiotic agents
87
possible complications with antibiotics
allergy
toxic side effects
destruction of normal flora
88
contamination
Microbes are present
89
infection
pathogenic microorganisms are in/on the body and are multiplying
90
disease
Microbes harm the host
91
endemic
The disease organism is constantly in a certain geographic location
92
epidemic
A large # of cases of disease develop in a community in a short time
93
pandemic
worldwide epidemic
94
pathoenicity
The ability of a microbe to cause disease
95
virulence
measure of [athogenicity
96
nosocomial infection
hospital-acquired infection
97
8th leading cause of death in the U.S.
nosocomial infection
98
How pathogens enter/leave the body
respiratory tract - nose/mouth - flu/cold
gastrointestinal tract - mouth
skin&mucus membrane - acne
genitourinary tract - STI
blood - HIV/hepatitis
99
invasive mech of bacteria
capsules - prevent pgaoctosis by white blood cells in the immune system
fimbria - enhanced adherence
extotoxins and enzymes - cause damage to host cells
100
Endotoxins are not considered an invasive mechanism bc the invading cell must die first to release the endotoxin. If the cell is dead, it cannot invade
101
factors in dev of disease
port of entry
virulence
ability to flourish outside of the body
vector
# of pathogens
102
DNA directly participates in...
a) Conservative replication
b) Semiconservative replication and transcription
c) Conservative replication and transcription
d) Semiconservative replication and translation
e) None of the above
B
103
Transcriptase is also known as...
a) DNA ligase
b) DNA polymerase
c) RNA ligase
d) RNA polymerase
e) None of the above
D
104
What is carrying the code for the synthesis of a polypeptide?
a) rRNA
b) tRNA
c) mRNA
d) Ribosome
e) All of the above
C
105
UAG is a stop codon. What does a stop codon stop?
a) DNA replication
b) DNA transcription
c) RNA transcription
d) Translation
e) Mutation
D
106
Thymine dimers can be caused by...
a) Caffeine
b) Ultraviolet radiation
c) Ionizing radiation
d) Heat
e) Cold
B
107
The most potent chemicals in cigarette smoke with respect to carcinogenic activity are the...
a) Inducers
b) Promoters
c) Inhibitors
d) Instigators
e) Prefectors
B
108
Clumping-inducing agent is associated with...
a) Transformation
b) Conjugation
c) Transduction
d) Translation
e) None of the above
B
109
In genetic engineering, sticky ends are found on...
a) DNA
b) RNA
c) Enzymes
d) Translation products
e) None of the above
A
110
An autoclave is associated with which of the following?
a) Oven
b) Pressure cooker
c) Incinerator
d) Boiling water
e) Pasteurization
B
111
Which of the following is a method of preservation?
a) Autoclave
b) Ethylene oxide
c) Lyophilization
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
C
112
Which of the following breaks down water into dangerous by-products?
a) Ultraviolet radiation
b) Heat
c) Desiccation
d) Ionizing radiation
e) All of the above
D
113
Which is NOT a sterilization method?
a) Autoclave
b) Dry heat
c) Boiling water
d) Incineration
e) All of the above are sterilization methods
C
114
Which requires that the recipient cell be alive?
a) Transformation only
b) Conjugation only
c) Transduction only
d) Transformation and transduction only
e) Transformation, conjugation, and transduction
B
115
An example of a chemically-synthesized chemotherapeutic agent is...
a) Penicillin
b) Bacitracin
c) Chloramphenicol
d) Tetracyclin
e) Sulfanimide
E
116
Which antimicrobial agent does NOT inhibit synthesis, but rather affects an intact structure?
a) Penicillin
b) Erythromycin
c) Polymyxin B
d) Sulfanimide
e) Cipro
C
117
S. pneumoniae uses what to evade phagocytosis?
a) Capsules
b) Fimbria
c) Exotoxins
d) Endotoxins
e) Enzymes
A
118
Which is NOT a main mechanism for microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents?
a) Inactivation of the drug by enzymes
b) Blocking entry of the drug into the cell
c) Influx of the drug into the cell
d) Alteration of the drug's target site
e) All of the above are main mechanisms for microbial resistance
C
119
What requires a tick vector for transmission?
a) Tularemia
b) Anthrax
c) Rocky mountain spotted fever
d) Cholera
e) Herpes
C
120
An example of a pandemic is...
a) Bubonic plague
b) AIDS
c) Salmonella
d) Hepatitis
e) All of the above are pandemic
B
121
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