Pharmacy 102 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

(85 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology separated into?

A

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Acellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Introduction to microbiology - eukaryotes:
What are they?
Examples

A
  1. Small multi-celled organisms
  2. Protozoa
    Fungi
    Algae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Introduction to microbiology - prokaryotes:
Examples

A

Bacteria
Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Introduction to microbiology - acellular:
Example

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Introduction to microbiology - bacteria and archaea:
What type of cell are they and lack what?
Smaller than what cell?
Found where?
Reproduce how?

A
  1. Unicellular + lack nuclei
  2. Smaller than eukaryotes
  3. There is sufficient moisture
  4. Reproduce asexually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Introduction to microbiology - bacteria and archaea:
What are they?

A
  • Bacteria - cell walls contain peptidoglycan
  • Archaea - cell walls contain polymers other than peptidoglycan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Introduction to microbiology - fungi:
How do they obtain food?
Possess what structure?

A
  1. Other organisms
  2. Cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Introduction to microbiology - fungi:
What does fungi include?

A
  • Molds - multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual + asexual spores
  • Yeasts - unicellular; reproduce by budding/sexual pores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Introduction to microbiology - algae:
What type of cell is it?
What property do they have?
What sort of structures are they?
Categorised based on?

A
  1. Unicellular/multicellular
  2. Photosynthetic
  3. Simple reproductive structures
  4. Pigmentation, storage products and cell wall composition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Introduction to microbiology - protozoa:
What type of cell are they?
What do they need to survive?
Lively freely where?
What sexual nature do they have?

A
  1. Single-celled eukaryotes
  2. Need nutrients and cellular structure like animals
  3. In water; some in animal hosts
  4. Asexual or sexual reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Introduction to microbiology - protozoa:
Most capable of locomotion by…

A
  • Pseudopodia
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Introduction to microbiology - viruses:
How are they visible?
What are they?

A
  • Not visible under light microscope; electron required
  • Obligatory parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Introduction to microbiology - viruses:
Composed of…

A
  • Small amount of DNA/RNA
  • Protein coat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prokaryotes:
What do they lack?
What cells do they include?

A
  1. Lack nucleus
    Lack internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes
  2. Include bacteria and archaea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eukaryotes:
What structures do they have?
Examples

A
  1. Have nucleus
    Have internal membrane-bound organelles
  2. Include algae, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Binomial nomenclature:

A

Kingdom/Domain
Phylum/Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Control of microbial growth - antimicrobial agnets:
Alteration of cell walls/membranes
When damaged?

A
  • Cell walls maintain integrity of cell
    When damaged, cells burst because of osmotic effects
  • Cytoplasmic membrane controls passage of chemicals into/out of cell
    When damaged, cellular contents leak out
  • Non-enveloped viruses more tolerant of harsh conditions
  • Damage DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Control of microbial growth - antimicrobial agents:
Ideally, agents should be…

A
  • Inexpensive
  • Fast-acting
  • Stable during storage
  • Capable of controlling microbial growth while being harmless to humans, animals and objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Environmental microbial growth:
Easier to?
Methods include…

A
  1. Easier to control if its outside of human/animal body
  2. Heat, refrigeration and freezing, desiccation and lyophilisation, ionising radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Environmental microbial growth - heat:
Moist heat: used for? denatures? effectiveness? methods?
Dry heat: used for? denatures? requires? ultimate sterilisation?

A
  1. Used to disinfect, sanitise and sterilise
    Denatures proteins and destroys cytoplasmic membranes
    More effective than dry heat
    Methods: boiling, autoclaving, pasteurisation, ultrahigh-temperature sterilisation
  2. Used for materials that cannot be sterilised by moist heat
    Denatures proteins and oxidises metabolic + structural chemicals
    Requires higher temps for longer time than moist heat
    Incineration is ultimate means of sterilisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Environmental microbial growth - refrigeration and freezing:
Decrease in?
Chemical reactions
What is not available?

A
  1. Decrease microbial metabolism, growth and reproduction
  2. Chemical reactions occur slower at low temps
  3. Liquid water not available
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Environmental microbial growth - refrigeration and freezing:
What can multiply in refrigerated foods?
What does refrigeration do?
Which type of freezing is most effective?

A
  1. Psychrophilic microbes
  2. Halts growth of most pathogens
  3. Slow more effective than quick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Environmental microbial growth - desiccation and lyophilisation:
What does drying do?
What is lyophilisation used for?
And prevents?

A
  1. Inhibits growth because of water removal
  2. Long-term preservation of microbial cultures
  3. Prevents formation of damaging ice crystals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Environmental microbial growth - ionising radiation:
Ejects and creates what?
What do ions do?
What ions denature other molecules like DNA?

A
  1. Ejects electrons from atoms to create ions
  2. Ions disrupt hydrogen bonding, oxidise double covalent bonds and create hydroxide ions
  3. Hydroxide ions denature other molecules (DNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Environmental microbial growth - ionising radiation: What are electron beams effective as? What are gamma rays effective at?
1. Effective at killing but do not penetrate well 2. Penetrate well but require hours to kill microbes
26
Control of microbes in the lab: What is autoclave? What is disinfection? What is lyophilisation? What is a freezer used for?
1. Moist heat sterilisation 2. Use of chemical agents 3. Used to store microbes 4. Used for storage
27
Biosafety levels: What is BSL-1? What is BSL-2? What is BSL-3? What is BSL-4?
1. Handling pathogens that do not cause disease in healthy humans 2. Handling of moderately hazardous agents 3. Handling of microbes in safety cabinets 4. Handling of microbes that cause severe/fatal disease
28
Biosafety levels: Use of drugs to combat infectious agents
Antibacterial Antifungal Antiparasitic Antiviral
29
Advantages of antibacterials
Relatively easy to develop + find with low toxicity because prokaryotic cells are different to host cells
30
Disadvantages of antihelminthic, antiprotozoan and antifungal drugs
More difficult to develop because eukaryotic cells resemble humans
31
Disdvantages of antivirals
Most difficult to develop because virus reproduces using host cell enzymes/machinery
32
Activity of antibiotics: What is an antibiotic?
Substance produced by microorganism that in low concs inhibits growth of another microbe, based on naturally occurring compounds, may be synthetic or semi-synthetic
33
Activity of antibiotics: What is Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)? What is Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)?
1. Minimum conc of antibiotic required to inhibit the growth of test organism 2. Minimum conc of antibiotic required to kill test organism
34
Activity of antibiotics - targets of antimicrobial agents: Inhibit cell wall production Inhibit protein synthesis Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis Block biosynthetic pathways Disrupt bacterial membranes
1. Penicillin binding proteins 2. Bind 30s or 50s ribosomal subunits 3. Binding topoisomerases/RNA polymerase 4. Interfere with folate metabolism 5. Polymyxins
35
Activity of antibiotics: What is resistance? What types of resistance can there be?
1. The inability to kill/inhibit the organism with the clinically achievable drug concs 2. May be innate (naturally resistant) or acquired (mutation or acquisition of foreign DNA)
36
Activity of antibiotics: Factors which may accelerate development of resistance
- Inadequate levels of antibiotics at site of infection - Duration of treatment too short - Overwhelming no. of organisms - Overuse/misuse of antibiotics
37
The prokaryotes - cytoplasm: What is it?
Jelly-like substance; same as eukaryote
38
The prokayrotes - cell structure:
Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleoid/plasmids Endospores Other inclusions Cell envelope Cell wall Cell membrane Glucocalyx Pili/Fimbriae Flagella
39
The prokaryotes - nucleoid/plasmids: What properties do they have? What property do they not have? What is not essential? What do they look like?
1. No membrane Single chromosome; circular DNA 1 copy (except on division) 2. No histones 3. Plasmids not essential 4. Circular, normally short, often multiple
40
The prokaryotes - endospores: Formed when bacteria is what? Highly resistant to what? Contains what?
1. Under stress 2. Heat, chemicals, desiccation 3. Resting cell
41
The prokaryotes - other inclusions: Examples No what?
1. Storage granules (glycogen, polysaccharide) Gas vesicles 2. No chloroplasts/mitochondria
42
The prokaryotes - cell wall: Different to? Composed of? No what in some bacteria? Different to what and why?
1. Different to plants 2. Mainly composed of peptidoglycan with β-lactam bonds 3. No cell walls in some bacteria 4. Different to archaea (no peptidoglycan)
43
The prokaryotes - cell membrane: Lipid bilayer like? Similarities between? What does the G- outer contain?
1. Eukaryotes but no sterols 2. G- inner membrane and G+ membrane 3. Additional molecules (porins, lipopolysaccharides - endotoxic)
44
The prokaryotes - glycocalyx: What is it? Used for? Generally a what? Common in? Allows what?
1. Capsule 2. For protection against digestion (phagocytosis) and desiccation 3. Generally polysaccharide 4. Common in pathogens/water organisms 5. Allows biofilm formation
45
The prokaryotes - pili/fimbriae: What is fimbria? What is pilus? Only on? What type of structures are they? Example?
1. Adhere to host surfaces 2. Structure for sexual reproduction 3. Only on G- organisms 4. Short rigid structures 5. F-pilus in E.coli
46
The prokaryotes - flagella: Role How many? Where are they located? What is it?
1. Allows movement 2. Single or numerous 3. In different locations 4. Long protein filament with hollow core Whirl around from anchored point
47
Prokaryotes classification
At least 28 phyla of prokaryotes (2 archaea, 26+ bacteria) Classified on rRNA info.
48
Prokaryotes - peptidoglycan rRNA signature: Domain bacteria Gram negative Gram positive
1. Gram negative and Gram postive 2. Proteobacteria and Nonproteobacteria 3. Low G+C and High G+C
49
Prokaryotes - pseudomurein rRNA signature: Domain?
Archaea
50
Archaea: What are they distinct from? What are methanogens? What are extremeophiles?
1. Distinct from prokaryotes - different rRNA + cell structures 2. Convert CO2, H2 and organic acids to methane 3. Require extreme conditions to survive (thermophiles and halophiles)
51
Archaea - G+ bacilli and cocci: Examples
Bacillus (B. thuringiensis/B. anthracis) Listeria (L. monocytogenes) Lactobacillus Streptococcus/Enterococcus Staphylococcus
52
Archaea - G- proteobacteria: Examples
α Nitrogen fixers (Rhizobium) β Sulphur reducers (Neisseria) γ Pseudomonads/Enterobacteriaceae δ Bdellovibrio ε Helicobacter
53
Archaea - G- non-proteobacteria: What colour does it stain and why? Can include what bacteria? What properties do they have? Examples
1. Stain pink with G stain but often due to no cell wall 2. Photosynthetic bacteria 3. Oxygenic and anoxygenic 4. Chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria
54
What affects microbial growth?
- Temperature - thermophile/psychrophile - Pressure - barophile/halophile - Nutrients (autotroph/heterotroph, chemotroph/phototroph, organotroph/lithotroph) - Oxygen - obligate/fucultative + aerobe/anaerobe - pH - acidophile/neutrophile/alkalinophile
55
Pathogenic bacteria - mutualism: Benefits? Example?
1. Bacteria and host 2. Bacteria in human colon
56
Pathogenic bacteria - commensalism: Benefits? Neither benefits or harms? Example?
1. Bacteria 2. Host 3. Staphylococcus on skin
57
Pathogenic bacteria - parasitism: Benefits? Harms? Example?
1. Bacteria 2. Host 3. Tuberculosis bacteria in human lung
58
Normal microbiota: Does not normally cause? Can become opportunistic when?
1. Do not normally cause disease 2. - Introduced to an unusual site in body - Immune suppression
59
Normal microbiota: Changes in normal microbiota when?
Microbial antagonism Microbial competition
60
Routes of entry into the body
- Skin - Mucous membranes - line body cavities - Placenta - Parenteral route - punctures, breaks in skin
61
Pathogenic bacteria examples
- G+ cocci and bacilli - G- cocci and bacilli - Richettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes + Vibrios
62
Bacterial diseases in childhood
Impetigo Conjunctivitis Tonsilitis Otitis media Meningitis Pertussis (only true bacterial infection, rest may be viral)
63
Fungal diseases: What are fungi? What do they have? What is the vegetative body of a fungus?
1. Eukaryotes 2. Nuclear membrane, 80S ribosome, organelles 3. Thallus
64
Fungal diseases: Mobility? What is the cell wall base? No what?
1. Non-motile under any conditions - grows towards food 2. Chitin 3. Chlorophyll
65
Fungal diseases - major forms:
Most are multicellular Some are unicellular Yeasts Hyphae
66
Fungal diseases - growth conditions:
Airborne fungal spores germinate in favourable conditions Spore swells until development of branched hypha 25-37C Obligates aerobes Yeasts can be facultative anaerobes
67
Fungal diseases - source of food: What type of organisms by absorption? Most are and some are? What type of relationship? Examples?
1. Heterotrophic 2. Most are saprotrophic (decaying matter) Some are parasitic (living matter) 3. Several form mutualistic relationships - Lichens (with cyanobacteria) - Fungal ‘farming’ (ants, wasps, beetles)
68
Fungal diseases - reproduction: Asexual (mitosis, binary fission) - occurs in? Production of?
1. Occurs in all fungi to some extent 2. Production of spores, budding, fragmentation
69
Fungal diseases - reproduction: Sexual (meiosis, schizogony) - varies? What occurs?
1. Dramatically between genus 2. Haploid nuclei form and fuse through hyphae touching/ spores joining
70
Fungal diseases - reproduction steps: Formation of... Sporangium... Spore... What grows?
1. Formation of a sporangium 2. Sporangium bursts to release pores 3. Spore germinates to produce aseptate mycelium 4. Vegetative mycelium grows
71
Classification of fungi
- Division Zygomycota - Division Ascomycota - Division Basidiomycota - Deuteromycetes
72
Fungal diseases - examples:
- Dermatophytes - Candida Spp.
73
Fungal disease - Superficial/Cutaneous (dermatophytes, Candida Spp.): Affects what? Examples What type of fungi is it? Confined to?
1. Affects skin, nails and hair 2. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, toe nail infections (onychomycosis) 3. Dermatophyte fungi 4. Keratinized outer layers of skin
74
Fungal diseases - Superficial/Cutaneous (dermatophytes, Candida Spp.): Cutaneous
- Mucosal membrane infections - Small numbers of normal flora - Endogenous/exogenous infection - Occurs in healthy individuals with underlying conditions Diabetes, extremes of age, abrasion, use of antibiotics, excessive sweating, obesity - Affects skin, oral cavity, GI and urogenital tracts
75
Fungal diseases - Subcutaneous (many species): Mostly occur? What leads to localised infections? Examples
1. In tropical/subtropical environments where people walk bare foot 2. Inoculation of cuts and abrasions - Sporotrichosis - Mycetoma - Chromoblastomycosis - Zygomycosis - Phaeohyphomycosis (caused by pigmented fungi)
76
Fungal diseases - invasive/systemic: Examples
- Histoplasma, blastomyces, coccidioides, Paracoccidioides - Aspergillus Spp., Candida Spp., Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus, Mucor - Mycotoxicosis (aflatoxins)
77
Nomenclature of ringworm: Fungal infection of body Ringworm of scalp Ringworm of trunk of body Athletes foot Ringworm of groin
1. Tinea 2. Tinea capitas 3. Tinea corporis 4. Tinea pedis 5. Tinea cruris
78
Fungal diseases - systemic infections: Rarity? Difficult to? Affects what? Mortality rate Most common species Virulence
1. Very rare, difficult to diagnose 2. Usually affects lungs 3. High mortality rate 4. Pathogenic fungal species most common 5. Normally low virulence
79
Fungal diseases - systemic infections: Risk of infection when? Example Becoming more prevalent why?
1. Risk of infection when immunocompromised 2. Cryptococcal meningitis 3. - People are living longer - More immunocompromised due to this
80
Fungal diseases - systemic infections - myotoxicosis: Toxins produced by? Usually produced under? Important property and why? Found on? Symptoms?
1. Fungi under certain conditions 2. Favourable conditions 3. Non antigenic so animals immune system will not react 4. Crops, animal feed, certain tea leaves 5. Several symptoms but liver mostly affected
81
Diagnosis of fungal infections: What sample is required? What is isolated? Other diagnostic techniques
1. Tissue 2. Fungi isolated on Sabourauds agar., sometimes extra ingredients are required 3. Microscopy, molecular biology techniques, ELISA
82
Antifungals - inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Examples How they work? Semi-synthetic derivatives include...
1. Echinocandins Penicillin of anti-fungals 2. Inhibit the synthesis of glucan in cell walls by inhibiting the enzyme 1,3 β-glucan synthase 3. - Caspofungin - Micafungin - Anidulafungin
83
Antifungals - disruption of cell membrane: What do some drugs form? How do azoles work? How do polyenes work? How do allylamines work?
1. Channel through cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity 2. Disrupt enzyme in ergosterol synthesis 3. Attaches to ergosterol and punches pore in membrane 4. Disrupts enzyme in ergosterol synthesis
84
Antifungals - polyenes: How do they work? Humans are some what susceptible, why? What do hydrophilic reactions do? Bacteria lacks? Others include
1. Amphotericin B attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes 2. Cholesterol similar to ergosterol 3. Bursting cell membrane 4. Lack sterols; not susceptible 5. Candicin, Filipin, Hamycin, Natamycin, Nystalin, Rimocidin
85
Antifungals - azoles: How do they work? Enzyme required to? Lack of ergosterol leads to? Examples
1. Inhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14α demethylase 2. To convert lanosterol to ergosterol 3. Leads to disruption of the cell membrane 4. Imidazoles, Thiazoles, Triazoles
Pharmacy 102
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions