1
Q
What are the 7 parts of the eye?
A
- Sclera
- Cornea
- Anterior + posterior chambers
- Iris
- Lens
- Vitreous humour
- Retina
2
Q
Outside of the eye:
What does the eye sit in?
What are the 6 muscles outside the eye called and what do they control?
A
- Protective bony pocket, the orbit
- Extraocular which allow the eye to move up and down, side to side rotation
3
Q
Surface of the eye:
Covered with what?
A
Covered with a clear membrane called the conjunctiva
4
Q
Front of the eye:
What is light focused into the eye by?
A
Cornea
5
Q
Back of the eye:
What lies between the lens and back of the eye?
What is the jelly like substance filling the eye cavity?
Light is focused by what and what else passes through the vitreous onto the retina?
A
- Vitreous cavity
- Vitreous humour
- Cornea and lens
6
Q
Eye parts - anterior chamber:
A
Space in front of eye between cornea and iris full of fluid
7
Q
Eye parts - aqueous humour:
What is it produced by and flow through?
Contents
Helps maintain?
It drains through what?
Then enters what?
A
- Clear, watery liquid produced by ciliary body and flows through pupil into anterior chamber
- Water (99.9%) and nutrients (0.1%)
- Eye pressure and provide nutrients to internal part of eye
- Through trabecular meshwork to keep eye pressure at a normal level
- Bloodstream to keep pressure in eye stable
8
Q
Eye parts - choroid:
What is it?
Keeps what well-nourished?
A
- Layer of tissue rich with blood vessels between sclera and retina
- Retina
9
Q
Eye parts - ciliary body:
Where is it located?
Helps with what?
What do the muscles do?
A
- Between iris and choroid
- Lens changing its shape or focusing or accommodating and producing aqueous humour
- Muscles adjust shape of lens when focusing (contract nearby and relax far away), eye accommodating
10
Q
Eye parts - conjunctiva:
What is it?
Helps do what?
A
- Clear, thin membrane that lines inside of eye lids and white part of eye. It contains tiny blood vessels that supply eye and eyelids with oxygen and nutrients
- Keep eye moist and protected from rubbles and infection
11
Q
Eye parts - cornea:
What is it?
When light enters the cornea, what happens?
A
- Curved, clear layer that forms front of eye and acts as eye’s windscreen
- When light enters the eye through cornea, it refracts rays before they pass further into eye
12
Q
Eye parts - iris:
A
Coloured part of eye, behind cornea. It controls amount of light that enters the eye by adjusting pupil size
13
Q
Eye parts - lens:
What is it?
Helps do what?
A
- Transparent flexible disc-like tissue in eye, located behind iris and pupil
- Helps focus light and images on retina
14
Q
Eye parts - drainage angle:
A
Part of eye at junction of iris and cornea
15
Q
Eye parts - macula:
What is it?
Where is it located and used for?
A
- Small, highly sensitive area in centre of retina which detects very fine details and colours
- In centre of macula is the fovea, used for detailed vision
16
Q
Eye parts - fovea:
A
Small bump in centre of retina, contains only cones and provides sharpest vision
17
Q
Eye parts - optic disc:
A
Circular area on retina from where the optic nerve enters eye
18
Q
Eye parts - optic nerve:
A
Bundle of >1 million nerve fibres that carry electrical messages for processing from retina to brain
19
Q
Eye parts - posterior chamber:
A
Area of eye behind lens and in front of retina, filled with vitreous humour gel
20
Q
Eye parts - pupil:
What is it?
As light passes through cornea, what happens?
What happens at night time and with bright light?
A
- Dark, round opening in centre of iris
- Its rays pass through pupil which opens and closes to adjust how much light can enter
- It dilates when exposed to low-light (at night) and constricts at times of exposure to bright light
21
Q
Eye parts - retina:
What is it?
Rods and cones?
What is light focused by then what does the cornea do with this light?
A
- Light-sensitive layer of photoreceptor cells line inside of eye
- Has rods (process low-light conditions) and cones (process bright light conditions and can see colour)
- Light rays focused by cornea and lens reach retina which turns picture (light-ray activity) into electrical messages, sent by optic nerve to brain for translation
22
Q
Eye parts - sclera:
What is it?
Where is it located?
Consists of?
A
- White structural tissue of eye that is continuous with clear cornea at front of eye
- Continues to back of eye and optic disc
- Consists of thick connective tissue and forms the supporting wall that protects eye’s internal structures and control eye movement
23
Q
Eye parts - tear glands:
Located where?
Helps with what?
What does it provide?
Helps prevent?
What does the naso-lacrimal duct on the inner eyelids help?
A
- Inside upper eyelid, produce majority of tears
- Help to moist and lubricate the eye
- Provide oxygen and nutrition to surface of eye, protect the eye from damage and foreign objects
- Help prevent eye infections
- Helps drain tears away from eye
24
Q
Eye parts - uvea:
What is it?
A
The iris, choroid and ciliary body together
25
Eye parts - vitreous humour:
What is it?
Consists of?
Sits where?
1. Clear gel-like liquid fills posterior chamber of eye
2. Consists of 99% water and 1% sugars, salts, collagen and proteins
3. Sits between lens and retina in contrast to aqueous humour, it doesn’t move and is not drained away
26
Human eye:
Light rays reflect...
Light passes through...
Light is then refracted a...
Impulses travel down...
1. off object and enters eye through cornea
2. cornea and is refracted onto the lens
3. the pupil, iris opens and closes to regulate amount of light
4. second time passing through lens, finally focusing on retina which is light sensitive
5. optic nerve to occipital lobe of brain which then interprets image in correct perspective
27
Human eye:
Image reaches...
For right vision, image should be...
Focus changes depending on...
Lens is flexible and changes...
Ciliary muscles contract and...
1. retina as inverted image but the brain correct it
2. formed on retina
3. distance and size of object
4. shape which changes focal depth
relax controlling shape of lens
28
Near sighted vision:
What is myopia?
Close or distant objects seen blurry?
How can this be adjusted?
1. Vision disorder where distant objects looked blurred because focus of image is in front of the retina not on it
2. Close objects are seen normally but distant are blurry
3. By setting diverging lenses in front of eye which cause light rays to spread out before they enter the eye
29
Far sighted vision:
What is hyperopia?
Close or distant objects seen blurry?
How can this be corrected?
1. Vision disorder when eye focuses images behind retina
2. Distant objects are fine, near are blurry
3. Placing converging lenses in front of eye can correct problem by making light rays converge together before they enter the eye
30
Other vision problems - blurred vision:
Causes
Eye tests
Treatment
1. Refractive errors, abrasions to cornea, age-related macular degeneration, scarring, infectious retinitis, migraine, retinopathy…
2. Test vision by reading an eye chart or perform other tests like ophthalmoscopy, refraction test and intraocular pressure
3. Eye drops, laser surgeries or medications to control underlying conditions
31
Other vision problems - age-related macular degeneration:
Most common cause of what?
Diagnostics
Treatment
1. Irreversible vision loss in older patients, a condition affecting the central part of the retina
2. Dilated funduscopic findings are diagnostic optical coherence tomography help in confirming the diagnosis and directing treatment
3. Dietary supplements, intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs, laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy and low-vision devices
32
Other vision problems - glaucoma:
What is it?
Can lead to?
Most common cause of what in the elderly?
1. Group of eye diseases that cause vision loss by damaging the optic nerve by increased pressure when fluid builds up as a result of improper drainage or overproduction of fluid
2. It can lead to permanent vision loss if not treated
3. Blindness
33
Other vision problems - cataract:
What is it?
Typically happens in how many eyes?
Best treatment
1. Condition causing a clouding lens. Cloudiness develops as a build up of protein in the lens
2. Typically happens in the two eyes but one eye may have more affected vision than the other
3. Surgery to remove the cataract
34
Other vision problems - diabetic retinopathy:
What is it?
Symptoms
Later stages can?
What can vision loss be associated with?
Treatment
1. Chronic progressive sight threatening condition associated with prolonged high blood sugar and blood pressure
2. Can be asymptomatic for a long period and as disease progresses, patients may experience mild sight impairments
3. Can be sight threatening and potential cause of blindness, if untreated
4. Lesions and macular oedema or due to development of new blood vessels that bleed inside the eye
5. Laser treatment (stops growth of new blood vessels) or eye injections (treat severe maculopathy that threaten sight)
35
Immunology of eye:
Components are what from the immune system? Resulting in?
What can the eye actively do?
What poses a threat to the eye and what do the cells cause?
1. Components are sterile and separate from immune system, resulting in the blood retina barrier which stops cells moving freely
2. Eye can actively regulate immune responses by ocular privilege
3. Auto reactive T cells pose threat to eye causing inflammation, damaging vision
36
Medication - eye drops:
How much of the dose reaches the deeper ocular tissues?
Dosage forms like eye drops account for how much of the marketed opthalmic formulations?
5%
90%
37
Medication (eye) - injections:
What is the most common to treat posterior ocular diseases?
What s/e are caused by the need of repeated eye puncture with intravitreal injections?
1. Intravitreal injection
2. Endophthalmitis, haemorrhage, retinal detachment and poor patient tolerance
38
Medication (eye) - others:
All other medication that can be used for the eye
Emulsion, ointments, suspensions, aqueous gels, nanomicelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, implants, contact lenses, nanosuspensions, microneedles, and in situ thermosensitive gels for the earlier mention ocular disease
39
What is gentamicin?
Used for?
Gentamicin is a sterile, preserved, aqueous solution and type of anti-infective eye drop as the active ingredient.
Gentamicin is an antibiotic.
Used for bacterial infections of the eye.
40
Absorption (eye):
Medicine is pumped where?
Tears drain where?
Where does contact occur?
1. Medicine is pumped into tear system when blinking
2. Tears drain into the nose through the tear ducts into the nasolacrimal duct
3. Contact with the vascular nasal mucosa and absorbed into the bloodstream
41
Eye medication absorbed by:
What 2 routes?
- Corneal route - CYP enzymes in cornea metabolise drugs before further penetration
- Conjunctival and scleral route
42
External/outer ear - pinna/auricle (outside part of ear):
Made of?
What is it?
1. Made of elastic cartilage and adipose tissue that is covered with a skin layer
2. A flexible organ with curvy parts that help conduct sounds into other parts of ear
43
External/outer ear:
What is the external auditory canal (in the centre of auricle)?
Is it visible?
1. External auditory canal (in centre of auricle) - tube that conducts sound across skull to middle ear
2. Visible on exterior of head
44
Tympanic membrane (eardrum);
Separates what?
What is the eardrum?
1. Separates external ear from middle ear
2. A thin, circular membrane covering the interior of the auditory canal, it vibrates in response to sound waves
45
Middle ear (tympanic cavity):
Consists of?
What is the Eustachian tube?
1. (3 tiny bones called) auditory ossicles, these vibrate with eardrum and conduct sounds through middle to inner ear
2. A small tube that attaches middle ear to throat and equalises air pressure inside middle ear with atmospheric pressure
46
Inner ear:
Role
Consists of and what is it?
What is the vestibule? What does it contain?
1. Receives vibrations from outer to middle ear and converts into nerve impulses and conducts them to brain
2. Cochlea - a spiral structure with delicate hair cells detecting vibrations, attached to nerve fibres from the vestibulocochlear to transmit auditory signals to brain
3. Small, hollow region found next to cochlea
It contains otolithic membranes that detect static equilibrium
47
Inner ear - semi-circular canals:
What function do they have?
How many canals are there, what are they filled with and function?
Each canal is aligned with what?
1. Have equilibrium-detecting function like the membranes
2. 3 canals filled with fluid, oval canals extend from side of vestibule opposite cochlea
Detect dynamic equilibrium
3. Each canal is aligned with area of body to detect movement in that area
48
Physiology of hearing:
What does the auricle conduct?
What does the eardrum act as?
1. Sound waves into the auditory canal and onto eardrum
2. Like a microphone by converting sound waves into movements of membrane, which moves the malleus (middle ear bones)
49
Physiology of hearing:
What is the role of the malleus?
What occurs when muscles attached to the ossicles contract/relax?
1. Taps on the incus and incus taps on stapes to conduct sound as vibrations to middle ear
2. They weaken sound volume passing through middle ear
50
Physiology of hearing:
What does the stapes push on? Then what do they create and detect?
What are hair cells connected to?
1. On the oval window in the cochlea
2. Creates tiny ripples in endolymph liquid filling cochlea
These ripples are detected by hair cells inside cochlea
3. Neurones from the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that transmits heard info to brain
51
Static equilibrium:
What is the sense gravity direction is detected by?
What is pulled down by gravity and bend hair cells embedded in the membrane?
What does bending of hair cells indicate?
1. The otolithic membranes in vestibule in inner ear
2. Small calcium carbonate molecules embedded in a gel matrix on surface of otolithic membrane
3. Direction and vestibulocochlear nerves send this info to brain
52
Dynamic equilibrium: What is the sense of rotational motion of the body detected by? What do these contain?
When fluid moves in these, what occurs?
1. Semi-circular canals of vestibule
2. The base of the canal contains a gelatinous structure (cupula), contains hair cells to detect movement
3. It pushes on cupula and stimulates hair cells
53
Hearing problems - conductive hearing loss:
What is the middle ear system affected by?
Air pressure equilibrium in the Eustachian tubes, the middle ear itself or by problems affecting hearing bones
54
Hearing problems - otosclerosis:
Most common in who?
Affects?
Treatments
1. Most common in young people
2. Stapes bone and causes gradual hearing loss
3. Hearing aids and surgery
55
Hearing problems - sensorineural hearing loss:
Causes?
Exact cause not known but what could be the cause?
What treatment may be needed over time?
1. Causes cochlea hearing loss of older people (pres-bya-cusis)
2. Can be due to damaged cells in cochlea over time
3. Hearing aid may be needed
56
Hearing problems - congenital hearing loss:
What is it?
How does it occur?
Underdeveloped ear condition known as?
1. Hearing loss present at birth
2. Mostly inherited or due to problems in womb including infections or low oxygen birth complications
3. Microtia
57
Which conditions affect air space?
Eustachian tube dysfunction
Glue ear
Ear infections
58
Eustachian tube dysfunction:
What is it?
Usually temporary problem during or after a cold
Middle ear can fill with fluid (middle ear effusion)
59
Glue ear:
What is it?
Treatment?
Middle ear fills with glue-like liquid instead of air
Usually self-limited and doesn’t require treatment
60
Ear infections:
Symptoms
What can it lead to temporarily?
Main symptoms are earache and feeling unwell and it can lead to temporary hearing loss
61
Conditions affecting brain:
Brain injury examples
Length of brain injury?
Trauma, stroke, multiple sclerosis and brain infection
It can be permanent, partial or temporary and curable over time and treatment
62
Conditions affecting brain - noise damage:
Loud noise can damage cochlea and causes permanent hearing loss or ringing ears (tinnitus)
63
Conditions affecting brain - infections:
What can infections damage?
Examples
Shingles
What can infections cause?
1. Can damage hearing nerves or cochlea
2. Measles, zoster virus, mumps, meningitis
3. Can affect the hearing nerves
4. Can cause permanent hearing loss
64
Ear blood supply:
Majority of blood from external carotid artery. This gives off a branch called posterior auricular artery which is the main supply for the external ear.
65
Infections inside ear:
Antibiotics
When might they be prescribed?
Antibiotics are not usually offered as infections often clear up on their own.
Might be prescribed if an ear infection stays the same after 3 days.
66
Types of medicine (ear) and what do they treat?:
Antibiotic eardrops
Steroid eardrops
Antifungal eardrops
Antibiotic tablets
1. To treat a bacterial infection
2. To bring down swelling
3. To treat a fungal infection
4. If your bacterial infection is severe
67
What is Otex?
What can it relieve?
How does it work?
Otex prevents the growth of bacteria which cause ear infections.
Can relieve symptoms such as inflammation.
Blocks release of chemicals causing itching, redness and discharge.
68
Nose - nerve cells:
These cells communicate with your brain to provide a sense of smell.
69
Nose - nostrils (nares):
These are the openings to the nasal cavities that are on the face.
70
Nose - septum:
The septum is made of bone and firm cartilage. It runs down the center of your nose and separates the two nasal cavities.
71
Nose - turbinates (conchae):
There are three pairs of turbinates located along the sides of both nasal cavities.
These folds inside your nose help warm and moisten air after you breathe it in and help with nasal drainage.
72
Nose - sinuses:
They produce the mucus that keeps your nose moist.
- Lightens the weight of the head
- Supports immune defence
- Humidifying air
- Increases resonance of voice
73
Nose - nasal cavity:
They are lined with mucous membranes.
- Warms and humidifies air
- Removes and traps pathogens
- Responsible for sense of smell
- Drains and clears sinuses
74
Nose - nasal cavity:
Location
Separated by?
Nostril divisions
Nasal cavity divisions
What is the nasal vestibule?
1. Extends from external opening to pharynx, where joins rest of respiratory system
2. In middle by nasal septum (cartilage that shapes and separates nostrils)
3. Each nostril divided into roof, floor and walls
4. Vestibule, respiratory sections and olfactory sections
5. Enlarged area at nostril opening
75
Respiratory section of nasal cavity:
In each nostril, what sections are there?
What underlay these?
What is connected to the paranasal sinuses?
1. Passages for air to travel into respiratory system
2. Respiratory section contains 4 conchae (bumps) called turbinate bones/lobes that are covered by nasal mucosa
3. Underlying these conchae, there are passages to interior body structures called meatuses
4. The meatuses
76
Olfactory zone:
Where are olfactory receptors found?
What other structure is also found here?
Olfactory receptors of smell sensation are found in olfactory region of nasal cavity
Bowman’s glands are also found here
77
Paranasal sinuses:
Role
Nasal cavity is surrounded by what?
Sinuses develop how?
Sinuses mucosa is connected to?
1. Adjust speech and produce mucus for nasal passageway
2. By a ring of paranasal sinuses and meatuses in nasal cavity
3. As outgrowths of and rain into the nasal cavity
4. Sinuses mucosa is connected to nasal mucosa
78
Nasolacrimal ducts:
Role
Where is the oral cavity?
What is the nasal cavity separated from and by what?
1. Drain tears from lacrimal (tear) ducts of eyes to nasal mucosa
2. Oral cavity is the interior of the mouth
3. Separated from oral cavity by hard palate
79
Nasal mucosa:
Location
What does the exterior skin of the nose connect to?
What does a layer of mucus cover?
What is the outermost layer of nasal mucosa?
1. Lines the nasal cavity, from nostrils to the pharynx
2. Nasal mucosa in nasal vestibule
3. Nasal epithelium cells
4. Nasal epithelium
80
Nasal cavity lining:
What is the initial region lined by?
What does the outermost layer of squamous cells cover?
1. By cell layers of stratified squamous epithelium (flat cells)
2. The layer of proliferative cells (can divide and reproduce) that is attached to a basement membrane (fibres that support epithelium)
81
Nasal cavity lining - posterior part:
Lined with?
Contains?
1. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (cells arranged in columns and have hair like extensions (cilia))
2. Goblet cells (mucus producing cells) that cover a basement membrane
82
Nasal cavity lining - sub-mucosa:
Underlies?
Made up of?
Concentrated with?
1. The basement membrane
2. Glands that secrete mucus, nerves, blood vessels and blood plasma
3. Blood vessels and venous-like spaces (swell in response to infections/allergies)
83
Nasal cavity lining - epithelial cells:
What do they provide?
Work with?
Regulates what?
Surface layer of nasal mucosa
1. Physical barrier against microbes and allergens
2. Mucus glands and cilia to secrete and remove mucus and trapped foreign particles from nasal cavity
3. Immune responses if physical barrier fails and pathogens infiltrate cells of nasal mucosa
84
Nasal cavity lining - epithelial cells:
What does the epithelium contain?
What does the inflammatory responses do?
1. Antigen-binding proteins (antigen presenting cells) responsible for introducing pathogens to T-lymphocytes which mount immune response to destroy presented allergens
2. Release factors to enhance inflammatory responses (cytokines) that regulate duration and intensity of immune responses so epithelial cells mount a response to T cell recognition of antigens
They are involved in IgE production (allergic response)
85
Nasal cavity lining - endothelial cells:
3 roles
- Lines walls of arteries of nasal mucosa
- Involved in allergic responses
- Attract white blood cells circulating in blood to inflammation site
86
Nasal cavity lining - mucus glands:
Glands that produce sticky mucus that moistens air and traps foreign particles enter the respiratory airways
87
Nasal cavity lining - cilia:
What are they?
Role
Activity depends on?
What can weaken cilia activity and what does it lead to?
1. Small hairy extensions project from epithelial cells and line nasal mucosa
2. Drain mucus from nasal passage to throat and stomach during movement
3. Depends on temperature (less active when cold)
4. Allergens and infectious microbes lead to runny nose
88
Olfactory system:
Role
What do the Bowman's glands secrete?
1. Process the smell sensory info
2. Secrete most of mucus lining the nerves of olfactory system
Secrete pigment that gives mucus the yellow colour
89
Olfactory system:
Mucus dissolves what?
What is mucus?
1. Dissolves odours that enter the nose and enable their interaction with olfactory receptors
2. Epithelium of olfactory system does not have cilia, the layer contains nerves connected to olfactory nerve
90
Physiology of nasal cavity:
Role
What do cavity structures regulate?
What does the olfactory region regulate?
1. Allow air to enter the respiratory system upon respiration
2. Air flow and particles it contains
3. Sense of smell
91
Physiology of nasal cavity:
What does secreted mucus do?
Life cycle of epithelial cells of nasal mucosa
1. Which lines mucosa provides a physical invasion by pathogens (harmful microorganisms)
2. Constantly replaced by new cells from underlying regenerative layer to provide additional protection as pathogens caught by outer cell layer are removed with washed away cells
92
Physiology of nasal mucosa:
Mediates immune response to what?
Secreted sticky mucus acts as?
Mucus IgA prevents?
1. Allergens and pathogens that enter throughout the nose and preventing them from invading the nasal cavity and spreading to the lungs
2. Physical barrier against pathogens (trap and destroy microbes)
3. Prevents microbes attachment and invading of mucosa cells
93
Physiology of nasal mucosa:
Mucus lysozymes do what?
Mucus lysozymes (lysing enzymes) breakdown and degrade pathogenic microbes
94
Underlying blood vessels and nerves:
What do the nasal cavity veins do?
Constriction of blood vessels
Nasal nerves role
1. Warm air entering the respiratory airways
2. Decreases airway resistance making it easier to inhale air
3. Regulate the congestion response (excess secretions in the airways)
95
Underlying blood vessels and nerves:
Innervation of mucosa is associated with?
What functions through maxillary nerves?
1. Innervation of mucosa is associated with trigeminal and maxillary nerves
2. The sympathetic and parasympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system regulate secretions of mucus from nasal glands
96
Underlying blood vessels and nerves:
Nasal cavity nerve functions
Blood vessels constriction and dilation (sympathetic), nasal secretions control, inflammation and interactions between nerves and mast cells during allergic responses
97
Medicine through nose:
Intranasal method advantages
- Requires no needles
- Minimises the spread of infectious diseases and is less painful than IVs/injections
- It provides a ‘shortcut’ to the brain
- Hepatic first pass metabolism is absent
- Useful for potent drugs as only a limited volume can be sprayed
98
Disadvantages of nasal administration:
- There is a risk of harmful long-term effects of the nasal epithelium
- Limited to small volumes of drugs
- Some s/e can be discomforting such as temporary burning, stinging, dryness/runny nose and sneezing
99
Absorption pathway:
- Drug release
- Penetration (entry into a layer)
- Permeation (transition of a layer)
- Absorption (uptake into the vascular system)
100
Sensory physiology - sensory nerve endings in the periphery:
Send signals to rest of nervous system
101
Sensory physiology - cell body:
Control all functions of the cell
102
Sensory physiology - myelin sheath:
Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells
103
Sensory physiology - axon:
Carries nerve impulses away from cell body
104
Sensory physiology - synaptic terminals in CNS:
Converting electrical signals into chemical (neurotransmitters)
105
Sensory physiology:
Which receptor type informs the central nervous system of the position of loads on parts of the body?
Stretch
106
Sensory physiology:
Vertebrates rely on information from which sensory structure to keep their balance?
Semicircular canal
107
Olfactory system - cribriform plate:
Allows passage of olfactory nerves to roof of nasal cavity
108
Olfactory system - supporting cell:
Metabolic and physical support for olfactory epithelium
109
Olfactory system - mucus layer:
Protects olfactory epithelium and allows odours to dissolve
110
Olfactory system - axon of olfactory nerve:
Conveys sense of smell
111
Olfactory system - Bowman's gland:
Smell detects volatile chemicals in inhaled air and taste detects dissolved chemicals in food/drink
112
Olfactory system - receptor cell:
Binding odour molecules for sense of smell (olfaction)
113
Types of taste buds - circumvallate papillae:
Sensitive to sour and bitter tastes
114
Types of taste buds - fungiform papillae:
Plays role in taste perception
115
Types of taste buds - epithelial cells:
Excitable sensory receptors that communicate synaptically to neurons
116
Types of taste buds - microvilli:
Bear taste receptors
117
Types of taste buds - taste pore:
Parts of food dissolved in saliva come into contact with taste receptors
118
Types of taste buds - taste cell:
Report sense of taste to brain
119
Types of taste buds - supporting cell:
Clearance of excess neurotransmitters after their release from taste receptor cells
120
Types of taste buds - sensory nerve fibre:
Binding of chemicals to receptors cause action potentials
Pharmacy 102
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