Microbiome Session 33

Question 1

Define Infection

Answer 1

• A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defences , enter the tissues and multiply

Question 2

Define Disease

Answer 2

• Any deviation from health , whether from infection , diet , genetics , aging , autoimmunity , or other causes

Question 3

Define Infectious disease

Answer 3

• Disruption of tissues or organs caused by microbes or their products

Question 4

What is Holobiont ?

Answer 4

• It consists of host and many other organisms within it , forming a discrete ecological unit

Question 5

Define a commensal relationship

Answer 5

• Relationship in which one organism benefits , while the other is unaffected

Question 6

Define a Mutualistic relationship

Answer 6

• Relationship where both organisms gain have a mutual benefit

Question 7

• Define a Parasitic relationship

Answer 7

• relationship in which organism is harmed while the other benefits

Question 8

How does breast milk benefit the baby ?-

Answer 8

• Breast milk may be necessary for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome in the baby
• breast milk and colostrum also contain antibodies important for protecting babies against pathogens

Question 9

What are the benefits of normal biota ?

Answer 9

• Influence the development of organs/system
• Prevent the overgrowth of harmful micro-organism

Question 10

What are the 5 phyla of major gut bacteria species ?

Answer 10

• Bacteroidetes
• Firmicutes
• Actinomycetota
• Pseudomonadota
• Verrucomicrobia

Question 11

What is a C.difficile ?

Answer 11

• it is a gram positive anaerobe that produces toxins and spores

Question 12

How does C.difficile Infection (CDI) occur ?

Answer 12

• Occurs when normal gut microbiota is disturbed

Question 13

What is an effective therapy method for C.difficile infection ?

Answer 13

• Fecal microbiota transplant has been shown to be an effective therapy

Question 14

What effect does obesity have on starch and short chain fatty acids

Answer 14

• It causes an increase in starch degradation and production of short chain fatty acids butyrate and acetate

Question 15

In colorectal cancer , what effect can butyrate have on cancer cell growth and survival ?

Answer 15

• Butyrate can inhibit cancer cell growth and survival
• loss or lack of butyrate producing species can lead to increase risk

Question 16

What is Bacterial Vaginosis?

Answer 16

• Bacterial Vaginosis is an alteration of the normal flora of the vagina

Question 17

What effects can the Bacterial Vaginosis have ?

Answer 17

• it can lead to changes in vaginal pH
• it can also influence several clinical outcomes