8. What is the most broad definition of industrialization covered in lecture? - - -

- Power-driven machine to manufacture - Development of factory system - Transition of from one lead by agriculture to manufacturing one

midterm 1 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

List three key features of ‘capitalist’ economies.

a. Profit created to be reinvested, Surplus of profit, expansion production

b. Production of goods for sale on the market

c. Waged labor

d. Private property/ownership

e. State structured dedicating to protect capitalism

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T/F. Defenders of capitalism often argue that racism is not inherent to capitalism but is instead a remnant of an earlier time and that capitalist societies are likely to become less racist and more meritocratic and democratic over time.

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Which of the following are among the key arguments of scholars of ‘racial capitalism’?

Emphasize the role of the slave trade and colonization in the early development of capitalism

Argue that race (and racial hierarchies) are key aspects of how class is constructed and experienced within capitalism

Racism is used within capitalism to divide the working class

Racial capitalism is a distinct phase or stage within the larger, longer history of capitalism

Emphasize the role of the slave trade and colonization in the early development of capitalism

Argue that race (and racial hierarchies) are key aspects of how class is constructed and experienced within capitalism

Racism is used within capitalism to divide the working class

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Which of the following are key features of modern nation-states? (mark all that apply)

National Language

A National Monetary System, including effective Tax Collection

National Communication and Transportation System

Monopoly on the Legitimate Use of Force

All

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______________ _____________ is the phrase used to describe how people living in the same nation, though having obviously not met everyone else or even a large percentage of the other people in their nation, feel deep bonds of affection for other members of their country due to the shared images, ideas, songs, symbols, and sense of common history and future.

Common Market

Imagined Community

Divine Collective

National Conventions

Imagined Community

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Which of the following are considered as possible threats to the long-term viability of modern nation-states? (mark all that apply)

Multinational Corporations

International Communication and Transportation Systems

Terrorist Networks and Organized Crime

Flows of ‘Cold’ Money (not cold but hot money)

Multinational Corporations

International Communication and Transportation Systems

Terrorist Networks and Organized Crime

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T/F. International institutions like the World Bank, IMF, WTO, and EU are not considered possible threats to the long-term viability of nation-states since they were created by nation-states.

F
Also diminishing of national powers

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## What is the most broad definition of industrialization covered in lecture?
- -

Power-driven machine to manufacture
Development of factory system
Transition of from one lead by agriculture to manufacturing one

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T/F. Scholars of industrialization generally believe that industrialization occurs in different countries in different times and places in very similar ways.

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In what country did industrialization originate in?

Britain

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What system is most commonly identified as the most definitive component of the second phase of industrialization?

Creation of a system railroads

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During the second phase of industrialization, what ‘divergence’ becomes central to the global economy?

Divergence between core and periphery

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By the time of the third phase of the industrial revolution, it had become clear that a general rule held: The later a country industrialized, ….

the larger the role of the state

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T/F. The Core-Periphery model was originally developed in the 1960s and 70s to explain the basic structural as well as geographical division within the global economy.

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Which of the following is NOT a feature of Core economies as the original model describes?

Manufactured Goods Production

Diversified Production Mix

High Wages and High Profits

Weak States

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Which of the following are features of Periphery economies? (mark all that apply)

Production of Low Cost Goods, like basic agricultural foodstuffs

Low Wages and Low Profits

Simple Production Mix

Low Levels of Technological Development

All

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Some countries that had characteristics of both Core and Periphery countries, such as poorer European ones (like Greece), or rich resource exporting ones (like Saudi Arabia), or recently industrialized ones (like Brazil), were originally considered not part of the Core or the Periphery, but instead were categorized as the …

Sub-Core

Semi-Periphery

Marginal Powers

Neoliberals

Semi-Periphery

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Adam Smith’s immensely influential masterpiece Wealth of Nations was published in

1500 1776 1865 1929

1776

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Did the aristocratic landowners or the urban factory owners support the reduction of tariffs on corn imports during the Corn Law debate that Adam Smith took part in?

Urban factory owner

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Adam Smith is perhaps most famous for the idea of the I___________ H______, through which he described how market interactions would lead to the most efficient outcomes.

Invisible hand

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What economic philosophy is the primary target and competitor with neoliberalism? Provide two principles or policies of this framework.

Name:

ii.

Name: Keynesianism

i. Greater government regulation

ii. Greater government spending

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The first national-level leader to implement neoliberal economic reforms was …

Ronald Reagan (US)

Margaret Thatcher (UK)

General Pinochet (Chile)

Xi Jinping (China)

General Pinochet (Chile)

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What does IMF stand for? And WTO? And WB?

International monetary fund, world trade organization, world bank

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T/F. The “Washington Consensus” refers to how international institutions like the WTO, World Bank, and IMF ultimately, at the behest of the US and UK in particular, harmonized their donor policies according to neoliberal principles.

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8. International institutions were able to force developing countries to adopt neoliberalism through “C____________ A________ and L________”—requiring, as part of gaining access to these funds, desperate countries to carry out systematic neoliberal reforms of their economies.

Conditional aid and loans

9. What does SAP stand for?

Structural adjustment programs

10. Which of the following are some of the basic package of policies espoused by Neoliberal economics? (mark all that apply) Reduce/eliminate capital and trade controls Reduce state spending (e.g. on health care, education, infrastructure) and state employment Reduce governmental regulations (e.g. related to the environment) Demonize and delegitimize and even outlaw labor unions

All

11. T/F. While the term ‘globalization’ first spread widely in the 1980s and referred to the technological changes that were making global trade and financial flows possible, it has since broadened in meaning and now includes cultural, political, and even environmental dynamics.

12. Roughly, world trade as a percentage of global GDP has gone from ___% in 1970 to ___% today.

25% to 55%

13. What is the most important ‘technology’ that has spurred economic globalization? And what did it do?

Container ships, reduces spatial transaction cost

14. What does MNC stand for? What does FDI stand for?

Multinational corporation, foreign direct investment

15. What are two of the criticisms sometimes made of the concept of ‘globalization’? i. ii.

i. Not all countries are integrated, some countries are excluded ii. Westernization, spread of western culture across the world

16. U_____________ D_________________ refers to how capitalism does not produce the same levels of growth in all places, but instead distributes more wealth, growth, and power to some places than others.

Uneven development

17. What are the three driving forces of the ‘creative destruction’ of capitalism? i. ii. iii.

i. Technological change ii. Investment flows iii. Firm creations

18. What does NIDL stand for?

New international division of labor

19. What is the primary economic consequence for core countries of the NIDL?

Deindustrialization

20. Which of the following are frequently cited as causes of the NIDL? (mark all that apply) Neoliberal policies opening up developing countries’ economies to more MNCs High wages of workforces in the Global North Low wages of workforces in the Global South New information, communication, and transportation technologies

All

21. T/F. Many traditional forms of economics believed that high levels of inequality would ultimately decline, as higher growth rates in poorer areas would ultimately lead to a “convergence” between rich and poor countries and regions within countries.

22. Which of the following does the lecture cite as causes of the growing inequality in the global economy? (mark all that apply) High rates of return to high technology sectors High levels of employment in low efficiency agriculture in Global South Global elite capturing disproportionate share of gains from globalization Sharp differences between urban and rural areas, especially in China

All

23. B____________ D___________ is the emigration of highly skilled people from poor countries to rich countries.

Brain drain

24. T/F. From the perspective of primary producing countries, the global market’s terms of trade have been unequal and deteriorating over the last several decades of globalization.

25. Provide two of the key consequences of growing global inequality discussed in lecture. i. ii. iii.

i. Over urbanization ii. Inequality constrains on growth, lower growth rate iii. Division of zones and conflicts

26. T/F. Most developing countries are in stage two or three of the demographic transition model, indicating growing populations.

27. Provide two benefits, and two problems, associated with the “demographic or youth bulge” in developing countries. Benefits i. ii. Problems i. ii. iii.

Benefits i. Young workers ii. High level of innovation (economic and social) Problems i. Political instability ii. High level of unemployment iii. Over urbanization

28. Provide two reasons that death rates decline in stage two of the demographic transition model. i. ii.

i. Improved medical care ii. Improved access and quality of food

29. Provide two reasons that birth rates decline in stage three of the demographic transition model. i. ii. iii.

i. Decrease child mortality ii. Focus more on material life over family life iii. Women entering work force, more opportunities

30. T/F. In both stages one and four of the demographic transition model birth rates and death rates are balanced, though in stage four at a much lower level.

31. T/F. While stage five is when a country’s birth rate falls to lower than its death rate, no country has yet entered stage five.

32. In what year did the world’s urbanized population pass 50%?

2008

33. What percentage of the world’s population is expected to be urbanized in 2050?

67%, 2/3

34. The growth of what in the developing world has broken the historical relationship between a country’s economic development and urbanization level?

Growth of slums in global south

35. [modified] List two push and two pull factors for urbanization. Push i. ii. iii. iv. v. Pull i. ii. iii. iv.

Push i. Landlessness ii. Lack of jobs iii. Lack of education iv. Lack of health care v. Warfare Pull i. Better education ii. Better job, job opportunities iii. Better health care iv. Social networks

37. What is the primary cause of the increasing carbon concentrations in the atmosphere that are causing global warming?

Increase greenhouse gases, burning of fossil fuels

38. List three of the catastrophic effects associated with climate change. i. ii. iii.

i. Outbreak of pest ii. Decrease agriculture yield iii. Rising global temperature

39. How does China illustrate the three key aspects of climate change today? i. ii. iii.

i. Major contributor ii. Suffering the effects of climate change iii. Created new technological and market opportunities

40. What is the name of the international agreement through which the world’s countries have pledged to reduce their carbon emissions and keep global warming under 2 degrees Celsius?

Paris agreement

15. [modified] Which of the following is NOT a feature of Core economies as the original model describes? Production of Manufactured Goods Simple Production Mix High Wages and High Profits Weak States

Simple Production Mix Weak States

16. [modified] Which of the following are features of Periphery economies? (mark all that apply) Production of Basic, Low Cost Goods Low Wages and Low Profits Diversified Production Mix Low Levels of Technological Development

Production of Basic, Low Cost Goods Low Wages and Low Profits Low Levels of Technological Development

All

1. What is at the core of the European colonial project?

Exploitation of material and people of non-European world

27. [Modified] Provide two benefits associated with the “demographic youth bulge” in developing countries. i. ii. iii. iv. v.

i. Large workforce ii. Large consumer base iii. Innovation, economic and social iv. Investment into education v. More taxpayers

39. How does China illustrate the three key aspects of climate change today? i. ii. iii.

i. They are contributing to the problem, largest emitter ii. China facing the impacts of climate change iii. Leaders in new technologies

2. Modern European colonization roughly begins in what year?

1500

3. Technological changes in what field were central to creating the conditions and capabilities that made early European exploration and colonization possible?

Navigation, marine time technologies

4. What two countries make up the Iberian powers, two of the dominant countries in the first wave of colonization? i. ii.

i. Spain ii. Portugal

5. What are the two most important ‘economic systems’ created during the first wave of colonialism in the Americas? i. ii.

i. Slavery system ii. Plantation system

6. What two major political changes happened in Europe in tandem with the early development of colonization? i. ii.

i. Geographic shift of economic power ii. Rise of nation-states

7. T/F. Britain was a major colonizing power during both ‘waves’ of colonization.

8. In the second wave of colonization, what are the two primary areas of the world colonized by the Europeans? i. ii.

i. Africa ii. Asia

9. During the second wave of colonization, what process is unfolding back in Europe in ways that were systematically interrelated with European colonization programs?

Industrialization

10. What is the ‘formula’ given in lecture for thinking about racism as a project?

Prejudice + power

11. The motivations and justifications for treating colonized people as inferior to white Europeans was interrelated with a scientific project of categorizing and ranking the world, known as the E_______________.

Enlightenment

12. T/F. Europeans both imposed new forms of racial categorization on subject populations, as well as identified and reinforced already existing divisions in conquered areas.

13. Why was there a ‘labor shortage’ in the Americas soon after the Europeans arrival?

Genocide of local population

14. The growth of what kind of economic site massively increased the demand for enslaved labor during the 1600s in the Americas?

Plantation system, sugar

15. T/F. While slavery was long a feature of some African societies, what was new about the European-driven version was the scale of the enslavement, the intensity and longevity of their system, and the inheritableness of the status of enslavement for indefinite generations.

16. Which of the following were key effects of the slave trade on Africa. (mark all that apply) Important source of income for some African kingdoms Widespread depopulation, especially of young men and women, creating ‘demographic deficits’ Incentivized and catalyzed increased warfare among African communities Significant stunting and reversal of economic development due to demographic deficits and effects of war

All

17. Estimates are ___% of captives died on the way to the coast in Africa; and that some ___ million enslaved people died during the Middle Passage (about 20%); and another __ million died in the Caribbean “seasoning camps”.

10%, 2 million, 5 million

18. What plantation crop was most central to the colonial Caribbean economy?

Sugar

19. T/F. Since the enslaved people were almost solely used as labor for the hard but basic work in the plantation fields, there was no real development of any skills among any of the enslaved workers.

20. Estimates are now as high as ___ million people enslaved in Africa and brought to the Americas by European slave traders.

15 million

21. Briefly, what are the key flows of the ‘triangular trade’?

Africa to America (slaves) America to Europeans (raw materials) Europeans to Africa (manufactured goods)

22. What are two ways in which the slave trade played a key role in British industrialization? i. ii.

i. Extraction of raw materials ii. Profits from slave trade, plantation

23. (a) Britain outlawed slavery in its empire in what year? (b) And slavery did not end in Brazil until emancipation in what year? a. b.

a. 1833 b. 1888

24. What is the two word term for how Europeans perceived much of the Americas as ‘wild’, ‘uninhabited’, and ‘natural’—description that helped rationalize their conquering and settlement—despite the land only looking that way to outsiders or as the result of depopulation due to disease?

Pristine myth

25. What is the two word term for the massive die-offs of native inhabitants from the diseases, such as influenza, measles, and smallpox introduced by the Europeans—which killed upwards of 75% of some native communities and somewhere between 50 to 100 million native Americans?

Demographic collapse

26. T/F. When the Europeans colonized different regions of the world, it was often a long, drawn-out and very violent process, which in some areas was never completely successful, such as the Amazon and the Andes of South America.

27. T/F. While Europeans are often criticized for their brutality during the period of conquest and colonization, they were in fact almost always following the rules of warfare developed in Europe over the last several centuries, rules that determined who and who could not be killed and how they could be killed.

28. What is the phrase some scholars use to describe the myriad violent methods used by colonial powers to control subject populations, often incredibly brutal forms but considered by Europeans as ‘by the book’? L___ L___

Legalized Lawlessness

30. What massive killing events were partly caused by European colonial export policies?

Wide spread of massive famines

31. What are the two key features of settler colonialism? i. ii.

i. Extermination/elimination of the indigenous population ii. Repopulation, permanent settlement

32. Briefly explain how European settler policies played a role as a model in World War II.

Japanese and nazi use it as a model for expansion

33. Give two examples of British ‘settler colonialist’ projects. i. ii.

i. Canada ii. Australia

34. In the early phase of colonialism, European monarchs frequently granted M___________ to single companies from their country to operate within and increasingly control a colonized region.

Monopoly

35. T/F. Especially early on in the European colonial project, the European officials that served in the colonial administration most often made their permanent home in the colony.

36. Sometimes colonizing powers would leave a powerful native in place and command through them, a situation called I_________ R_________; and frequently the colonizers would pit different groups against each other, a strategy called D___________ and R__________.

Indirect rule, divide and rule

37. Give two reasons why colonial natives would collaborate with the colonizers. i. ii. iii. iv.

i. Own advantage, earn a little more ii. Group advantage iii. Admiration of the Europeans iv. Hope for freedom

38. H___________ is the concept for non-coercive forms of power, often cultural or intellectual, that make political-economic systems and hierarchies appear natural and inevitable.

Hegemony

39. The political structures of European colonialism were essential caste-like systems of A_____________ and undemocratic centralized rule, that is, A_____________.

Apartheid, authoritarianism

40. The European colonial project included E______________ policies, of taking raw materials from the colonies and exporting them back to Europe at very low prices, setting a pattern with legacies into the present.

Extractionist

41. T/F. Biased infrastructural development refers to how the colonizers would build infrastructure such as ports, roads, and railroads that was biased in favor of the colonized peoples, in order to win their loyalty, but much of the infrastructure was cheaply built and did not last long.

T Was to facilitate resource extraction

42. What is the two word term for how the colonizers would require the colonized populations and regions to focus on the production of a single or small set of crops or mineral extractions, which severely narrowed their economies, with long-lasting implications for their development possibilities? F___ S___

Forced Specialization

43. When the British colonized India, they systematically destroyed the manufacturing sector of India (in particular, its textile industry) which was a main competitor to British manufacturing, thus deploying a policy of “P__________ U_____________,.”

Purposeful ¬¬¬Underdevelopment

1. What are the two ‘sides’ of the definition and process of decolonization? i. ii.

i. Giving of independence by European ii. Achieving independence by colonized

2. T/F. While decolonization is of course a complex event, it is generally agreed that decolonization is primarily a political process and does not include economic, military, or cultural dynamics.

3. T/F. Many scholars of decolonization consider it an ‘ongoing’ process, even well after independence has been achieved.

4. What are the four waves of decolonization—give the regions and rough dates. i. ii. iii. iv.

i. America 1776-1830 ii. Post World War 1 1919-1920 iii. Asia and Africa 1950-1960s iv. Break up of soviet unions 1989-1991

5. What country and in what year was the first and only successful slave revolt?

Haiti 1804

6. What European country’s democratic revolution in the 1790s was deeply inspirational for revolutionaries throughout the Americas?

France

7. List three of the empires that came to an end after World War I? i. ii. iii.

i. Ottoman Empire ii. Russian Empire iii. German Empire

8. What wave of decolonization is considered a case of ‘decolonization from above’?

Second wave

9. What criticism did intellectuals and political activists from the developing world, such as Ho Chi Minh, make of the plans for independence and democratization led by US President Woodrow Wilson after World War I?

Independence for whites only, not for people of colour

10. Which of the waves of decolonization is normally considered the ‘era of decolonization’?

Third wave

11. T/F. In the break-up of the Soviet Union, there was both the restoration of states that had previously existed as independent nation-states before being integrated into the Soviet Union, as well as the creation of new nation-states that had never yet previously existed.

12. List two of the features of the post-Soviet experiences of the new states that contributes to scholars analyzing them as post-colonial. i. ii. iii.

i. Border dispute ii. Ethnic conflict iii. Creation of new states

13. What are three of the ways that warfare in Europe contributed to the revolutions in the Americas? i. ii. iii. iv.

i. Weaking of colonial power/empires ii. Values inspired colonial people, freedom and democracy fought for iii. Normalize the use of violence iv. Training of troops, who become fighters for colonial freedom

14. The revolution in what country in 1917 would prove immensely influential around the developing world?

Rusia

15. Briefly, how was Japanese Imperialism a source of inspiration for many colonized peoples in Asia?

Asian could defeat European powers

16. T/F. Since most of the fighting during World War II took place in Europe and small islands in the Pacific, very few of the economies and populations of the colonial areas were much affected materially by the war.

17. What population returned to the colonies after the war and became a particularly strong force for calls for independence, in part due to their experiences during the war and the perceived unacceptableness of returning to second class status after it?

Colonial soldiers

18. Briefly explain how World Wars I and II had a cumulative ‘erosion effect’ on the justifications for colonialism.

Fought for liberty, democracy, and against tyranny. More and more people see as applying to empire

19. Connect the colonizer with the country they colonized. British Vietnam French Indonesia Dutch Malaysia

British (Malaysia) French (Vietnam) Dutch (Indonesia)

20. The return of the European powers to their colonies after World War II is sometimes referred to as a S______________ C______________ O________________, for their often violent efforts to reassert control.

Second colonial occupation

21. Briefly explain why increasing number of scholars push back against the labelling of the period as the ‘Cold War’?

conflict and tensions but there is no war

22. T/F. Really only very late, while attempting to hold onto their colonies, did many of the European colonial powers offer conciliatory gestures such as alliances with local conservative elites, some marginal political and economic reforms, easing of immigration laws, and/or some autonomy within a federation or political union dominated by the ‘mother country’.

23. What are the three situations which explain most of the cases in which European countries peacefully transferred power to newly independent countries? i. ii. iii.

i. No longer economically advantageous ii. Settler population is small, white settlers are already there iii. Grant independence to countries, to shift resources

24. Briefly explain the double sided nature of ‘colonial conscription acts’ used by European colonial powers.

Colonies countries fighting each other for each colonial imperial countries

25. Countries, especially Britain in the post-war period, passed E____________ P________ A_____ for their colonies, creating a situation one scholar has recently described as ‘legalized lawlessness’ in the suppression of rebellion and discontent among colonized peoples.

Emergency powers act

26. What is the two word term for the kind of conflicts European colonialists frequently fought in order to keep control of their colonies, conflicts that included torture, free fire zones, summary executions, detentions without trial, and massive forced relocations? D___ W___

Dirty Wars

27. What are two of the justifications for the use of violence by colonized peoples that insurgents and revolutionaries have offered? i. ii.

i. Normalized use of violence, e.g. world wars, violence in colonies ii. Violence is only language colonizers understand

28. What are two of the shifts in conditions that help explain the success of anti-insurgency programs in the 19th century and their failure in the middle of the 20th century? i. ii. iii.

i. Change in international climate ii. Declining home country support iii. Larger and more strategic independent movement

29. Compared to communist forms of organization for independence (which were also very present and popular), nationalist forms of organizing for independence were often more popular among the colonized people (to the point that many communists made them as well). Give two reasons why. i. ii.

i. Nationalist appeal to more people ii. Nationalist less threatening to traditional elites

30. T/F. One of the strategic advantages of focusing on the achievement of a nation-state as part of an independence movement, was it allowed such movements to focus on the systems and institutions already in place as part of the colonial administration as targets of takeover and post-independence control.

31. Briefly, explain why the downfall of the western powers due to successful anti-colonial struggles also became the victory of ‘westernization’.

Most countries gain independence and adopt the western models

32. Give two reasons why many newly independent countries descended into bitter bloodshed between rival cultural groups. i. ii.

i. Colonial rulers practiced divide and rule, which fuel mistrust and fueled mistrust and conflict after independence ii. Borders are drawn that forced rival ethnic/cultural group into same state

33. Briefly, what was the original meaning of neo-colonialism.

Remain economically and politically dependent on former colonial power

34. Which of the following are considered agents of Neocolonialism? (mark all that apply) Former colonizing countries and US as global hegemon, particularly economically and militarily International institutions, through debt and conditional aid and loans Multinational corporations, global North firms dominating economies in the global South International NGOs and aid organizations, that operate substitute governments run mostly by white people in the global North

All

35. In terms of trade, what are the two primary ways many scholars see ‘neo-colonialism’ as continuing colonial era dynamics? i. ii.

i. Export dependence of primary commodities ii. Import dependence of manufactured goods

36. I_______________ A____________ refers to the erasure, forgetting, or indifference within former colonizing countries to the violence, brutality, and exploitation that was an essential and everyday part of the colonial project—an amnesia that has helped fuel a nostalgia and rosy image of European empires among their populations today.

Imperial Amnesia

1. [Vox Video: Britain, India, Pakistan] What is the name for the strategy by which the British pitted different religious groups against each other, focusing their anger towards each other instead of coordinating against British rule?

Divide and rule

2. [Vox Video] Which leader goes with which party set up during colonial rule to provide the Indian population with some form of representative government? Indian National Congress Jinnah All India Muslim League Nehru

Indian National Congress (Nehru) All India Muslim League (Jinnah)

3. [Vox Video] T/F. While Jinnah was once a prominent voice of Hindu-Muslim coexistence in a potential independent India, over time the bitter divisions and violence made him less hopeful and ultimately a loud spokesman for national separation.

4. [Vox Video] The Great Calcutta Killings, which exemplified the growing violence between Hindus and Muslims, took place in what year?

1946

5. [Vox Video] T/F. Cyril Radcliffe, the British official put in charge of drawing the new borders between India and Pakistan, was very familiar with the country and its people due to his having long lived in the region, and was given an extended period of time to complete the project, which upset some of the more impatient Muslim and Hindu leaders.

6. [Vox Video] Some of the oddities and troubles of the British withdrawal, leading it to be described as a “botched transfer of power”, included which of the following? (mark all that apply) Separation of Pakistan into two distant regions Inclusion of all the major economic centers in territories controlled by India Suddenly moving up their withdrawal date by ten months Predictable, intense, deadly inter-religious violence during massive relocations across the new borders

All

7. [Vox Video] How many people were displaced and how many died during the movement of peoples immediately following independence and partition between India and Pakistan?

14 million displaced, 1 million died

1. (a) What group did the Spanish finally successfully push out of the Iberian peninsula in 1492? And (b) why was this a turning point in European and world history? a. b.

a. Moors b. Decline of Muslim power

2. What is it that is primarily driving the spending programs in Europe that are creating the technological and organizational advances that make colonization possible?

Military

3. What are the three G’s that motivated the conquistadors? And circle the most important one.

Gold***, Glory, God

4. What are two of the major civilizational differences between Europe and the Americas illustrative of very different development histories (economic, technological, cultural)? i. ii. iii.

i. European has wheels ii. Europeans has writing system iii. European has horses, for transportation, weapons

5. Connect the conquistador with the region or native empire he focused his conquests on. Columbus Incas in the Andes Pizarro Aztecs in Mexico and Central America Cortes Island peoples of the Caribbean

Incas in the Andes (Pizarro) Aztecs in Mexico and Central America (Cortes) Island peoples of the Caribbean (Columbus)

6. While Europeans had superior weapons which gave them a considerable advantage in warfare with indigenous groups, what strategy made it possible for a small band of Europeans to overthrow such large and powerful empires as the Aztecs and Incas?

Geopolitical, allying with local groups

7. Which of the following are true about the Encomienda System? (mark all that apply) European policy to incentivize and reward conquistadors Wealth of whole areas now personal property of conquistadors Populations of conquered areas subject to harsh forced labor systems, a precursor to later large-scale slavery Its eventual end was an inspiration to later abolitionists fighting to end slavery

All

8. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 by what two countries, with what person acting as the mediator of the agreement?

Spain and Portugal. Pope Alexander VI

9. T/F. The Spanish empire was predominantly a rural empire, and so power was mostly based in the countryside and thus cities played very little roles in the political administration of the empire.

10. What policy did the Spanish crown have in place to maintain its colonial administrators’ loyalty to the monarchy and not local colonial interests?

Rotating and appointing administrators directly from Spain

11. What are the three main categories of the Colombian Exchange? i. ii. iii.

i. Diseases ii. Animals iii. Crops, plants

12. By 1600, on most Caribbean islands, populations plummeted by over what percent?

99%

13. In a bitter twist of fate, the lack of many kinds of what diseases in the Americas made them especially vulnerable to those brought by the Europeans?

Zoonotic

14. (a) What animal would become an iconic part of the cultural representations of Native Americans, especially on the Great Plains of the US, but was actually brought to the Americas by Europeans? (b) What other iconic animal was thus made much easier to kill? (c) And what was the major consequence of the introduction of this animal for relations between native groups? a. b. c.

a. Horse b. Buffalo c. Conflict and competition over territory and resources

15. Say which way the exchange went with each of these plants. Tobacco to Sugar to Corn to Potato to Coffee to

Tobacco America to Europe Sugar Europe to America Corn America to Europe Potato America to Europe Coffee Europe to America

16. Following its movement in the exchange, corn had a major impact over the next several centuries for its role in amplifying the impacts of what event on what continent?

Slave trade

17. Mercantilism dominated European economic thought from what century to what century?

1500 - 1700

18. What is the underlying assumption about wealth in mercantilist thought?

Wealth is finite

19. List three of the key policies or goals of mercantilist political economics. i. ii. iii.

i. Favorable balance of trade, trade surplus ii. Collect precious metals iii. Increase population

20. What were the two primary means by which mercantilist governments enforced their closed economies? i. ii. iii.

i. Large state ii. Military iii. Protections

21. What were the two main mining centers of the Spanish empire? i. ii.

i. Mexico ii. Peru

22. Work in the mines (especially the major one at Potosi) was so dark and dangerous for the laboring indigenous and enslaved masses (from cave-ins, accidents, mercury poison, harsh overseers), and death so frequent, what phrase did the miners use to describe their situation?

The mountain that eats man

23. [modified] List two things the Spanish treasure fleet brought back from the Americas to Spain, and two things the fleet brought from Spain to the Americas. From Americas: i. ii. From Spain: i. ii. iii.

From Americas: i. Hard woods, timber ii. Precious metals From Spain: i. Coinage ii. Manufactured goods iii. Tools, agriculture and weapons

25. While normally thought of as a supply route between Spain and the Americas, (a) the treasure fleet was also linked to trade flows where else in the Spanish empire? (b) And along this route, they mostly bought and brought goods originally from where? a. b.

a. Mexico, Acapulco b. Philippines

26. What two primary threats did the treasure fleet face on its travels back and forth? i. ii.

i. Pirates ii. Weather

27. While the incredible amounts of wealth Spain extracted from the Americas made it immensely powerful and wealthy, why do some scholars argue that this ‘easy wealth’ ultimately led to the decline of Spain as a major power?

Failed to develop, used for elite consumption and foreign war instead of development

28. T/F. While plantations were large landed estates in the rural areas that focused on producing a broad range of products for local and regional consumption, haciendas were large single crop farms (with a heavy concentration in the Caribbean) that employed lots of slave labor and exported their production back to Europe.

29. T/F. The encomienda system essentially transformed into a plantation system.

30. Which of the following were key motivations or effects of the Spanish colonial mission system? (mark all that apply) Often the first agents of Spanish colonial administration to make contact with indigenous populations in an area As proselytizers, sought to convert the indigenous populations to Catholicism, and therefore renounce and depart form their traditional beliefs and practices Introducers of European technologies, agricultural methods, systems of justice, and property laws As sources of violence and death, as many indigenous died or suffered from the diseases, forced labor, violent punishment, wars, and societal collapse caused by the presence of missionaries

All

31. (a) What is the name of the system of racial and social hierarchy in the Spanish colonies? And (b) what does it mean? a. b.

a. Casta system b. Rank people on their ancestor and racial mix, Trace your blood path back to ancestors

32. T/F. While a simple binary of superior whites vs. inferior others of color defined the caste system of New Spain, there were also important distinctions of rank within the white community and among the many different mixtures between the white, indigenous, and black populations.

33. T/F. In the Spanish empire, most of the taxes collected by the government were paid by the lower classes.

34. Explain the difference between Peninsulares and Criollos.

Peninsulares, Spaniards born and based in Spain, elites Criollos, white born in colonies, lower status, born in new Spain of Spanish parents

1. What are three of the ‘causes’ or conditions listed in lecture that help explain why the revolutions in Latin America happen so relatively quickly and successfully from around 1808 to 1826? i. ii. iii. iv. v.

i. Agitated masses ii. Discontented elites iii. Enlightenment values iv. Imperial depletion v. Revolutionary examples, inspiration examples

2. T/F. At the time of the revolution, Saint Domingue (Haiti) was the richest colonial asset in the world due to its sugar, coffee, and indigo plantations, worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved people.

3. When French troops sail into Saint Domingue’s harbor on a mission to crush the slave revolt, how are they greeted by the enslaved people in the city?

Singing the song of revolution

4. What condition did France put on its eventual recognition of an independent Haiti?

Indemnity, pay reparation

5. What were the two sides of the ‘complicated legacy of Haiti’ for Creoles in South America that wanted independence from Spain? i. ii.

i. Inspiration of Haitian revolution ii. Fear

6. What two facts about Simon Bolivar’s background make it surprising that he became the revolutionary leader of Latin America? i. ii.

i. He is a creole ii. He is very wealthy

7. In 1817, in exile once again following a defeat, the Latin American revolutionary Simon Bolivar makes a deal with the Haitian government that transforms his own political vision and spurs him to ultimate success over the Spanish. What was the deal that he made with the Haitians?

Revolution for everyone

8. Which of the following are among the kinds of conflicts that broke out in the tumultuous period immediately following independence in the Americas? (mark all that apply) Conservative monarchical supporters vs. Liberal democracy supporters Federalists seeking to centralize power and Regionalists seeking to decentralize power Proxy wars by foreign powers interfering and supporting one side over another in a global ideological battle of capitalism vs communism Regional battles for Hegemony among the major powers, esp. Argentina and Brazil Indigenous struggles resisting the imposition of power by the new countries

Conservative monarchical supporters vs. Liberal democracy supporters Federalists seeking to centralize power and Regionalists seeking to decentralize power Regional battles for Hegemony among the major powers, esp. Argentina and Brazil Indigenous struggles resisting the imposition of power by the new countries

9. T/F. Caudillos were military dictators that came into power throughout Latin America in the post-independence period due to the irrepressible conflicts, political fracturing, and the lack of a history of democracy in the region.

10. Briefly, describe the evolution of the population’s feelings for caudillos.

Early support -> later disillusion, corruption

11. How has the term ‘caudillo’ been frequently used by the US government through the 20th century and even into the present?

Stigmatize someone they don’t like

12. Which of the following are key reasons why the newly independent countries in the Americas struggled economically and politically after independence? (mark all that apply) European economic elite had fled back to Europe, taking their capital, knowledge, and connections with them Major, expensive post-war rebuilding was necessary and countries already had large debts from fighting the wars of liberation The forced specialization and biased infrastructure construction during colonialism hindered economic development Few officials remained with administrative experience since criollos and non-whites had been systematically excluded from high level offices The Catholic Church was extraordinarily powerful and intent on preventing both modernization and a secular (non-religious) government from gaining power

All

13. List two signs of progress and two lingering problems in Latin America in the second half of the 19th century. Progress i. ii. iii. iv. Problems i. ii.

Progress i. Decline in violence ii. Building bloom iii. Reintegration into global economy iv. Definitive of defeat of the church Problems i. Persistent inequality ii. European firms’ investment, dominate sectors, profit goes back to Europe

14. What country announced the “Monroe Doctrine” and what was its main point?

US, no more European colonization and intervention

15. The ‘Roosevelt Corollary’ announced that the US would be justified in intervening militarily in Latin American country under what two conditions? i. ii.

i. Political unstable ii. Country is running large debts

16. The Mexican-American War, which ultimately resulted in the US seizing much of the present Southwest of the US, started out over a conflict in what area and over what issue?

Mexico control Texas over Rio, slavery

17. Which of the following are key features of the ‘Banana Republics’ of Central American and the Caribbean in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? (mark all that apply) Large low paid working class that frequently tried to organize for better pay and conditions Refers only to countries with large banana plantations, since bananas was the only industry which American firms dominated Corrupt relationships between US businessmen and national government officials Frequent use of both domestic military and police and US military interventions to control labor forces, maintain dominance of US companies, and to keep favored politicians in power

Large low paid working class that frequently tried to organize for better pay and conditions Corrupt relationships between US businessmen and national government officials Frequent use of both domestic military and police and US military interventions to control labor forces, maintain dominance of US companies, and to keep favored politicians in power

18. What deal did the US strike to get the rights to build and operate the Panama Canal?

Panama declares independence and sign canal rights to the US

19. Including the French effort, roughly how many laborers died while building the Panama Canal?

20 thousand

20. Briefly explain how the building of the Panama Canal deepened the racial tensions in the country in two directions, even until the present?

Sharpen the racial difference of white and people of colors Increase racial complexity with indigenous people brought in to build the canal

21. What happened to the Panama Canal in 1999?

Control of Panama Canal is transfer back to Panama from US

22. What country was the first to implement the Green Revolution?

Mexico

23. Which of the following are part of the Green Revolution? (mark all that apply) modern machinery, improved irrigation, and new high yield seeds decreased use of fertilizers and pesticides concentrations of farmland in the control of foreign corporations restructuring of employment in countryside, including loss of jobs significant increases in biodiversity

modern machinery, improved irrigation, and new high yield seeds concentrations of farmland in the control of foreign corporations restructuring of employment in countryside, including loss of jobs significant increases in biodiversity

24. What is most often billed as the primary goal and success of the Green Revolution?

Massively increase crop yield

25. What are two of the negative effects of the Green Revolution on developing countries? i. ii. iii.

i. Massive agricultural land in foreign control ii. Large scale of unemployment and landlessness iii. Loses of biodiversity

26. Give a brief definition of nationalization. And provide two of the key motivations for countries to nationalize key parts of their economy. Definition: i. ii. iii. iv.

Definition: transfer of assets from private control to state control i. Decrease dependence on foreign influence, control ii. Keeps profit within home country iii. Greater resource control iv. Geopolitical influence

27. T/F. Nationalization of industries is extremely rare in modern, advanced, democratic countries.

28. What does ISI stand for? And explain three basic goals. i. ii. iii.

Import substitution industrialization i. Diversify industrial mix, production mix, move up value added chain ii. Increase export iii. Reduce dependency on imports

29. What are the three basic policies ISI uses? i. ii. iii.

i. Government direction ii. Protectionism iii. Funding, subsidy

30. T/F. Despite its perception as a failure, for several decades ISI programs in much of the developing world successfully nurtured domestic manufacturing sectors, increased manufacturing’s share of the national economy, and provided large scale industrial employment.

31. List three of the problems that ultimately doomed ISI programs in Latin America. i. ii. iii.

i. Inefficient and corrupt ii. Rent seeking iii. Technological limit

32. Foreign critics and some domestic ones as well, often made what political critique of ISI (and nationalization) programs?

Leads to authoritarian government

33. What series of events in the 1970s (most famously in 1973) hammered ISI programs, as they hammered economies across the world?

Oil crisis

34. At the end of the 1970s, the developing economies of Latin America found themselves under-______________ and over-________________. Under- Over-

Under-capitalize Over-indebted

1. From what foreign country did massive investments into Mexico suddenly turn during the late 70s into massive liabilities as Mexico’s economic difficulties forced debt defaults?

2. What does SAP stand for?

Structural adjustment programs

3. Explain how ‘conditional aid and loans’ worked in the Washington Consensus.

Can only get aid if they accept conditions to carry out neoliberal reform

4. What are three of the neoliberal reforms required by the Washington Consensus? i. ii. iii.

i. Reduce trade control ii. Decrease regulation iii. Reduce government spending

5. What are the 1980s known as in many parts of Latin America due to the slow economic growth, increase in debt, and massive cuts in education, healthcare, and infrastructure from the Washington Consensus?

Lost decade

6. (a) What does NAFTA stand for? (b) What countries were part of it? And (c) what year was it signed? a. b. c.

a. North American free trade agreement b. Mexico, US, Canada c. 1994

7. While NAFTA has boosted employment in Mexico, what are two of the critiques of its effects on Mexico? i. ii. iii.

i. Low wages, leading to wage stagnation ii. Environmental degradation, pollution iii. Mistreatment of female workforce, pay less

8. (a) Where are maquiladoras located and (b) who mostly works in them? a. b.

a. Mexico, near the boarder b. Young women

9. T/F. Due to its problems and bad reputation, NAFTA is currently the only free trade agreement signed by any Latin American country.

10. Which of the following is NOT among Latin America’s five biggest economies? Brazil Colombia Chile Mexico Venezuela Argentina

Venezuela

11. Broadly speaking, (a) what were Latin America’s two main economic sectors during colonialism? And (b) what are Latin America’s two main economic sectors today? a. b.

a. Agriculture and mining b. Agriculture and mining (still the same)

12. T/F. There are some very positive recent economic trends in Latin American economies, especially among the more advanced economies, due to the diversification of economies, shifts up the value-added chain, and growth in domestic demand.

13. (a) Which three countries are Latin America’s largest oil producers? (b) And which country has the largest proven reserves? a. b.

a. Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela b. Venezuela

14. T/F. Except for Venezuela, all the major oil companies of Latin America are completely private and not owned by the government, a result of the privatization programs of the Washington Consensus.

15. T/F. Analysts remain confident that despite a large oil sector, Latin America is well positioned for a transition to a renewable energy future.

16. Briefly explain ‘petro-populism’.

Use of oil revenues to buy political support

17. T/F. Latin America has four of the world’s top ten silver producers, and collectively produces more than half of the world’s silver supply.

18. What Latin American country is the world’s largest copper producer?

Chile

19. T/F. Latin America has 60% of all identified lithium sources.

20. (a) What is the nickname of Lithium? (b) What three countries make up the Lithium Triangle? (c) Briefly explain why demand for it has grown so dramatically? (d) And explain why producers do not profit very much from the sector. a. b. c. d.

a. White gold b. Argentina, Chile, Boliva c. Demand for lithium batteries for phone, EV, new/green technologies d. High profits are later at the processing chain, extraction are paid at low amount

21. While the mining sector has boomed in Latin America over the last couple decades as global demand has skyrocketed for raw materials like lithium, copper, silver, zinc, nickel, and gold, these mining operations have been criticized for which of the following effects? (mark all that apply) Mountain excavations that destroy the environment and produce tons of waste The release of toxic chemicals such as mercury and arsenic into the water supply Expensive monitoring programs and clean up, which corporations often avoid paying for themselves Deforestation and land battles with indigenous populations as mining operations seek resources in places like the deep interior of the Amazon

All

1. (a) Roughly how much of the world soybean market does Latin America produce? And (b) what country is the biggest producer? a. b.

a. 50% b. Brazil

2. (a) What country dominates world demand for soybeans? (b) And what does it primarily use it for? a. b.

a. China b. Livestock feed

3. (a) How does soybean production contribute to climate change? And (b) what problem associated with climate change has been especially hard on soybean production in recent years? a. b.

a. Deforestation for soybean production, loss of carbon sink b. Droughts

4. Latin America produces roughly ___% of global coffee production 20 40 60 80

5. (a) Which country in Latin America is the largest producer of coffee, and (b) which is second largest? a. b.

a. Brazil b. Columbia

6. Globalization has led to increases or decreases in the prices coffee farmers get for their beans?

Decrease

7. The green revolution in Latin America shifted a lot of its coffee production towards what style of agriculture?

Monocrop plantation

8. While it has grown considerably with the globalization of Starbucks-like café culture, what impending set of changes frightens the coffee industry in Latin America?

Climate change

10. While biofuels are seen as a more environmentally friendly option than fossil fuels, what climate change causing problem does their expanded production make worse?

Deforestation

9. (a) What is flexible fuel? And (b) give one of the justifications for it. a. b.

a. Fuel that is mixture a of ethanol and gasoline b. Control fuel prices, reduce the use of fossil fuel, reduced dependence of fossil fuels

11. What is the three industry sequence responsible for much of the current deforestation of the Amazon? -> ->

Timber -> cattle -> soybean

12. Many climate analysts fear that the Amazon is nearing a T____________ P____________ at which it will begin transitioning into savannah instead of rain forest.

Tipping point

13. Protections for the rainforests swing sharply in Brazil, from strong protections to aggressive exploitation, depending on what?

Political election

14. What is the primary obstacle to Latin America passing reforms to reduce its inequality?

Political and economical power of the elites

15. (a) What percentage of national wealth do the top 1% control in Latin America? And (b) what percentage of national wealth do the bottom 50% control? a. b.

a. 40% b. 10%

16. Which of the following are T/F in Latin America. a. Southern Mexico is richer than northern Mexico. b. Urban areas are richer than rural areas. c. On average, women have less income, educational opportunities, and healthcare access than men. d. On average, people with darker skin have less income, education opportunities, and healthcare access than people with lighter skin.

All T

17. Both Brazil’s Bolsa Familia and Mexico’s Oportunidades are two incredibly successful and influential versions of what kind of program? (explain what the programs provide and require)

Conditional Cash transfer program, provide people money, requires the kids to go school and sees doctor periodically

midterm 1 Flashcards

(251 cards)