1
Q
- As radical leftist movements broke out across Latin America in the post World War II era due to high levels of inequality, elite corruption, and legacies of colonialism, both the US and the Soviet Union increasingly provided military and other kinds of aid to these movements (Soviets) or governments suppressing them (US), creating what have come to be called “P________” Wars.
A
Proxy
2
Q
- A group of tens of thousands of people that were arrested by right wing authoritarians in Latin America, and then detained, put in concentration camps, tortured, and often killed and buried without notification of their families. They are frequently called the “D____________.”
A
Disappeared
3
Q
- (a) What country was the primary funder and organizer of Operation Condor? And (b) give a brief description of the main mission of Operation Condor.
a.
b.
A
a. US
b. Intelligence and detention program targeting left wing activist organizations
4
Q
- T/F. Early 20th century Cuba was one of the ‘Banana Republics’ dominated by US agricultural companies working with a corrupt local government and with backing from the US military.
A
T
5
Q
- Briefly explain the contrast between the romanticized image of the Cuban Revolution and the actual decisive dynamic that led to the defeat of Batista’s Cuban government.
A
Small band of guerrilla fighters. Widespread discontent as the military could not defeat them, government was incompetent in defeating the insurgency.
6
Q
- What did the US impose on Cuba in the wake of the revolution?
A
Trade embargo
7
Q
- What was the final deal that the US and the Soviets struck to end the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A
Soviets will dismantle and take the missiles out of Cuba
US promised not to invade Cuba
8
Q
- What policy did the Guatemalan government led by the leftist Arbenz announce that provoked the United Fruit Company and the CIA to begin preparations for a military coup? (include what policy was and who it targeted)
A
Land reform program.
Large land holding of foreign companies
9
Q
- In addition to the worries about the rise of leftist politics in Latin America, what economic policy pursued by Allende in Chile led to the US support for a military coup in Chile in 1973? (include what policy was and who it targeted)
A
Nationalization of the copper industry.
Target US mining firms
10
Q
- (a) What figure came into power following the coup in Chile against Allende, and (b) what economic package of policies did he implement?
a.
b.
A
a. Pinochet
b. Implemented neoliberal policy, SAP
11
Q
- In the Central American Crisis from 1970s to 1990s, what issue in what region of the countries was at the center of most of the domestic political disputes that erupted into civil wars and US interventions?
A
Land reform in rural areas.
12
Q
- One notorious feature of many of the civil wars in central America during the postwar period was right-wind D__________ S___________, which carried out targeted assassinations of politicians as well as indiscriminate killing of civilians supportive of left-wing rebellions or governments.
A
Death squads
13
Q
- In Guatemala, during the civil war that simmered for almost 30 years following the coup in ’54, over 200,000 people died, most of which were what kind of people, in operations some analysts consider a genocide?
A
Indigenous population
14
Q
- What country became central to the operational support provided by the US military in the region to right-wing forces, including hosting a large US military base?
A
Honduras
15
Q
- In the 1980s many of the Central American dictatorships backed by the US carried out what kind of economic reforms?
A
Neoliberal reform
16
Q
- List three of the key legacies of the Central American Crisis discussed in lecture.
A
i. Longterm stunned economic development
ii. Huge migrations
iii. Corruption, spending program leading to corruption
iv. Emergence of threat of drug trade
v. Wide spread of destruction and death
17
Q
- List two ways that globalization has facilitated a massive expansion of illicit trade flows.
i.
ii.
A
i. Large flow of goods, easy to hide drugs
ii. Movement of large amount of money, easy to hide huge amount of money
18
Q
- T/F. In the early years, especially in Columbia, the drug cartels had started out as radical political movements that used drug sales to finance their operations, but eventually evolved to merely being drug cartels and their politics focused on corruption of officials to benefit the cartel.
A
F
19
Q
- What are three of the ways the US is involved in the drug trade/war in Latin America?
i.
ii.
iii.
A
i. US is the biggest market for drugs
ii. Leader in crafting, imposing military response to the problem, government violence
iii. Providing weapons/guns to drug cartels
20
Q
- T/F. The Hydra Effect (named after a mythical beast that replaces lost heads with new ones) refers to how the assassination or removal of a cartel leader (which has been the focus of much of US anti-drug trafficking policy for decades) is usually just followed by the appointment of a new leader or another cartel taking on the same role.
A
T
21
Q
- T/F. The Balloon Effect refers to how even successfully suppressing the drug business in one region usually just leads to its emergence of intensification in another region; for example, how some success in suppressing cocaine industry in Columbia helped push power to Mexican cartels.
A
T
22
Q
- In many Latin American countries politicians are offered a choice by the cartels of ‘plata o plomo’. Write what this phrase means and explain its significance?
A
Silver or Lead. Silver means money and lead means bullet. Either taking a bribe or face violence or death.
23
Q
- Briefly explain how, even though it is commonly referred to as ‘the Drug War’, the violence throughout Latin America is actually better understood as ‘Drug Wars’, in two ways.
i.
ii.
A
i. Between cartels and state in different countries
ii. Between the cartels themselves
24
Q
- T/F. By 1500, China was technologically backward compared to European societies of the time.
A
F
25
2. What was the distinctive feature of China’s ‘trade’ network (indicative of its dominant power throughout the region)?
Tribute trade system
26
3. Around 1500, China began facing increasing competition from Europe, as well as what other Asian power?
Japan
27
4. Give two indications of economic modernization apparent in China before or around 1500.
i.
ii.
iii.
i. Spread of wage labor
ii. Development of cash crop plantation agriculture system
iii. Development of Morden transportation system
28
5. Briefly explain how China’s powerful central government and Confucian bureaucracy during the late Ming Dynasty period played a role in its relative lack of development.
Too centralized government stamps out differences, impose uniformity believes, Confucian bureaucracy guided imposed restrictions on printing
29
6. (a) What fateful series of policies began in 1371 and continued in various forms for the next several hundred years that significantly limited China’s modernization relative to Europe? (i, ii) Give two justifications for the policy.
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
a. Sea bans
i. Dealing with rebellious group
ii. Greater control of border/sea control
iii. Deals with piracy, anti-piracy laws
iv. Limit the development of commercial class
30
7. What were two negative consequences of China’s policies (from question 6)?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i. Drop in trade and tribute
ii. Drop in economic and political power of China
iii. Withdrawn naval forces, reduce global influence
iv. Suffer a huge hit for the commercial class, pushed out emerging commercial class
v. Cut itself from trade flow, technological changes
31
8. Briefly explain what role some scholars say rice played in limiting Chinese imperial ambitions during this period.
High rice yield, food system doesn’t encourage expansion
32
9. What is the main difference in political organization between China and Europe at the start of the modern age?
Europe decentralized political power
China centralized political power
33
10. Briefly explain the role warfare played in the early modernization of European economies.
Spending on military spurred economic and technological development
34
11. Briefly explain what role some scholars say cattle played in European expansion.
Food production, movement to new locations which encourages expansion
35
12. Briefly explain how the development of scientific knowledge and technical invention was helped in early modern Europe both by diversity and shared culture?
Distinct different cultures and language speak is all Latin
36
1. Explain how agricultural and industrial developments synergized with each other in early modern Britain.
Improvement of agricultural efficiency free up labor force, labor force into the city into the factory system
They are the producer and consumer of goods
37
14. What critical energy source for industrialization is found in abundance in Britain?
Coal
38
15. What are the two key advantages provided by Britain’s geography?
i.
ii.
iii.
i. Large amount of coal, energy
ii. Waterways, transportation
iii. Natural defense against Europe, island itself
39
16. Explain how Britain’s transportation advantages were a product both of luck and strategy.
Luck, island with rivers (navigable)
Strategy, canals, roads, railways for industry
40
17. Name two of the key early financial developments that gave Britain an advantage.
i.
ii.
i. Stock market
ii. Bank of England
41
18. The interrelationships between spending on the military, warfare, and conquest, and the industrialization of the British economy in the early modern period, are referred to by some scholars as a military-economic F___________ L____________.
Feedback loop
42
19. One of Britain’s biggest advantages for developing earlier than others was, maybe obviously but critically, that they had no competitors in these new methods and markets. This is an example of the F_____________ M_____________ advantage.
First mover
43
20. What is the ‘double-sided’ role that the working class played in early industrialization in Britain?
Industry productivity (labor force) and consumer for products
44
21. T/F. Colonization and strategic trade policies are two key examples of the ‘activist’ policies of the British government that contributed to early modernization.
T
45
22. T/F. Private property laws and private financial systems (e.g. private rural banks) are two examples of the ‘liberal’ policies of the British government that contributed to early modernization.
T
46
23. British ‘poor laws’ were a forerunner to what two later modern systems?
i.
ii.
iii.
i. Prison system
ii. Welfare policy/system
iii. Contract law
47
24. Briefly explain how the Protestant Work Ethic inculcated pro-Capitalist values.
Material wealth is a sign of god’s love, to work hard and become rich
Identify success with salvation, encouraging strong work ethics
48
25. What are three of the key features of British culture that contributed to its early modern development?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i. Protestant work ethic
ii. Individualism
iii. Higher level of tolerance, for commercial class, jews. Innovations
iv. Strategic discrimination, channel into supported economical development
49
1. (a) What is the name of the Belgian king who eventually personally owned the Congo? And (b) what ‘conviction’ drove this ‘king of a small country’ to conquer the Congo?
a.
b.
a. Leopold
b. A country had to have colonies
50
2. (a) What was the stated mission of the private company of the Belgian king in regards to the Congo? (b) What was the name of the company? And (c) what did it say it would bring to the Congo?
a.
b.
c.
a. free the Congolese people from foreign oppressors
b. Congo Free State
c. prosperity and fair trade, free trade
51
3. What invention in 1887 transformed the incentives for exploitation and extraction in the Congo (and many other colonies, such as Brazil and Malaysia)?
Rubber tires
52
4. What method would the Force Publique use to keep “workers” (forced labor) under control?
Intense violence, whips and guns
53
5. Roughly how many Congolese people died in “the worst genocide in African history”?
10 million
54
6. What insight did Edmund Morel have about what was happening in the Congo?
Huge amount of rubber export, import of guns
55
7. Joseph Conrad’s book ________ of _____________ was meant as an “absolute blast against the imperialist, colonialist system … applied across Africa at that time.”
Heart of Darkness
56
8. Where did the Belgian king ultimately place much of the wealth that he had accumulated through the colonization of the Congo?
Swiss bank account
57
9. What replaced the declining rubber industry in the Congo?
Raw materials, minerals
58
1. By 1956 (the year of Congolese independence), out of 15 million Congolese people, ____ were college graduates.
17
59
11. Schools and churches were key instruments in the “C___________ of the M________” that taught the colonized people that white Europeans were superior.
Colonization, mind
60
1. T/F. Africa is about 20% of global landmass, and is the second largest continent in the world behind Asia.
T
61
2. T/F. One of the central facts about Africa, which explains much of its economic underdevelopment, is a significant lack of material resources.
F
62
3. T/F. Significant trade networks existed across Africa during the pre-colonial period, including trade networks that linked Africa with Europe as well as the Asia-Europe trade through Muslim traders in the Middle East; these trade flows also included some trade in enslaved peoples.
T
63
4. T/F. Most scholarship on pre-Colonial Africa now believes that Africa societies of that time were all very similar, small, decentralized communities without significant cultural diversity or any large-scale political organizations—facts which made them easier to conquer by the Europeans.
F
64
5. Briefly explain how much of the history of pre-colonial Africa was ‘obscured’ by Europeans.
Destruction and debt caused by colonization
65
6. What was the primary motivation of the Europeans who first started exploring down the coast of West Africa and then setting up trading posts and small settlements?
Direct access to Asia market
66
7. T/F. The names Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast were names given by Europeans to areas in African in which they predominantly traded or extracted those products.
T
67
8. The Royal African Company was an example of a M_______________ from what country?
Monopoly
Country: England, British
68
9. Give two reasons that the Europeans were slow to move into the interior of Africa.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i. Suffer from diseases, malaria when moving into the interior
ii. Europeans defeated when moving into the interior
iii. Forbidding terrain, hard to send in military
iv. Africa not the focus of colonization
69
10. Which of the following were key effects of the 400 years of European slave trade on Africa? (mark all that apply)
Incentivized and catalyzed increased warfare among Africans
Deepened ethnic, communal divisions
Widespread depopulation from millions of deaths and large-scale enslavement, especially of young men and women
Significant stunting and reversal of economic development due to demographic deficits and effects of war
All
70
11. Explain why 1820 is such a pivotal date in medical history and the history of colonization of Africa.
Development of quinine, treatment for malaria. European more willing to move in Africa
71
12. Give three of the reasons listed as to why European colonial projects intensified in Africa in the late 1800s.
i.
ii.
iii.
i. Surplus amount of goods, access to external markets, dump goods
ii. Excess capital, invest in colonization
iii. Surplus of labor, relief population stress
iv. Discover of quinine for malaria
72
13. Explain the meaning of ‘White Man’s Burden’ as understood by European imperialists.
White people are superior, to dominate darker skins of the world
73
14. (a) In what year was the Berlin Conference convened? (b) At that time what percentage of Africa had been colonized? (c) And thirty years later, roughly what percentage had been colonized?
a.
b.
c.
a. 1884-1885
b. 20%
c. 98%
74
15. While thirteen European countries were represented at the Berlin Conference, how many African representatives were there at the conference to divide up the continent?
Zero
75
16. T/F. Due to the overwhelming superior technological and superior power, especially by the late 1800s, the Europeans had minimal trouble subduing local African populations once they became focused on the colonization of the continent.
F
76
17. Briefly summarize the logic of development of the early Dutch settler/slave society in Southern Africa.
Start out to provide foods for trading ships to Europe and Asia, more farms and settlers needed for expansion logic
77
18. The resistance by Africans in the south was much weakened by introduction of what by the Europeans?
Outbreak of smallpox
78
19. What are the two main reasons Britain decided to transition their interest in South Africa from a depot for eastern trade routes to full control as a colony?
i.
ii.
i. Discovery of diamonds, mining opportunities
ii. Fear that French would take control of the region
79
20. (a) The Boers (also called Afrikaners) were European settlers in southern Africa primarily from what country?
(b) What policy did they most object to when the British took over, and thus motivated them to both migrate in large numbers and start a series of wars with and between local African populations?
And (c) what is the term (the S_________) for the impact of this migration and these wars on the local African communities?
a. Netherlands
b. Abolition of slavery
c. Scattering
80
21. T/F. The Boer wars, both between the Boers and indigenous African communities, and the war between the Boers and the British, are classic examples of dirty wars with concentration camps, scorched earth policies, targeting of civilians, and widespread death from war and disease.
T
81
22. In addition to the Europeans, what other ‘outsider’ played a key role in the Boer Wars, and set a precedent for their roles in wars throughout the 20th century?
Colonial troops
82
23. In addition to the use of black workers in the mines, the colony of South Africa’s racialized labor regime also included what other kind of workers and from where?
Indentured workers from Asian countries
83
24. British Commonwealth of South Africa was an A________________ country from its ‘independence’ in 1910 until 1994. Briefly explain what this term means.
Apartheid, legalize racial discrimination
84
25. T/F. Algeria lost one third of its population during colonialism due to war, disease, and starvation.
T
85
26. Who are “pied-noirs”? And what is their relation to land reform?
French settlers given Algeria land
86
27. What religious and what linguistic policies were part of a systematic erasure of Algerian culture in the French colony?
Religious:
Linguistic:
Religious: Muslim to Christian, Christianization
Linguistic: teach basic English/French (colonial language) to follow commands
87
28. T/F. Though not a distinction to be pushed too far, a general difference between the French and British colonial projects is that while the British early efforts were led by commercial interests, the French projects were driven by military men.
T
88
29. T/F. Fortunately for the French, much of the area of West Africa they intended to colonize was unpopulated and resistance was minimal as they pushed into the interior.
F
89
30. T/F. In creating an administrative colonial state in West Africa, the French followed the British model and used local power structures and collaborators wherever they could.
F
90
31. What French decision in 1905 resulted in the movement of over a million people throughout West Africa over the next five years?
Outlaw slavery
91
32. What were the two primary consequences of Germany being a ‘late arriver’ in terms of European colonization of the rest of the world?
i.
ii.
i. Choose least economic advantage areas, least attractive areas
ii. Use of brutal methods
92
33. Briefly, explain the ‘social imperialism’ explanation of German colonization projects.
Use of excess of urban population, was send out
93
34. Briefly, explain the ‘continuity thesis’ as it relates to mid 20th century Germany and its lost colonial empire.
Continuity of nazi expansion and German African colonial programs
94
1. List three of the key negative legacies of colonialism for Africa covered in lecture.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
i. Massive loss of lives
ii. Massive attraction, attraction of wealth to benefit Europeans
iii. Forced specializations
iv. Infrastructure deficiency
v. Purposeful institutional underdevelopment
vi. Systematic destruction of cultures
95
2. Beginning in the early 1950s a wave of decolonization swept across Africa, with ultimately ____ new countries coming into existence by 1977.
50
96
3. List three of the key causes for the wave of successful independence movements in Africa between 1950 and 1977.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i. Widespread discontent in population
ii. Emergence of educated and efficient leadership
iii. Eroding international support for colonial
iv. Imperial exhaustion
97
4. Both the French and the British applied in Africa counter-insurgency ‘lessons’ they had both learned fighting in what other region?
South east Asia
98
5. Which north African country’s struggle against a tenacious and vicious French colonialism became one of the primary sources of inspiration for independence movement across Africa?
Algeria
99
6. Which of the following is true about Patrice Lumumba? (mark all that apply)
Postal worker, writer, activist, organizer in trade unions and Pan-African politics
Militant Congolese nationalist that organized first Congolese political party
Imprisoned by Belgians to silence him and suppress movement
Elected first Congolese Prime Minister of newly independent country
Assassinated by political rivals with help from Belgium and CIA
All
100
7. What European power held onto its colonies until very late, often using incredibly intense and prolonged wars of counter-insurgency against independence movements in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea Bissau?
Portugal
101
8. Briefly explain the consequence of the Native Land Law and Group Areas Act in South Africa (be sure to use the special name for the places created, H______________ or B_______________)
Homelands, Bantustans
102
9. Briefly explain the 1961 ‘Indemnity Act’ in South Africa.
Empower police officer to use any violence, the law will support the use of it
103
10. While often framed as merely a racial dynamic, throughout Apartheid rule one of the leading groups fighting against apartheid were what kind of organization that consistently fought for better wages and working conditions for blacks as well as an end to apartheid rules?
Labor unions
104
11. For the following two leaders, say which group or movement they helped found, and what the white South African state did to them?
Nelson Mandela:
Steve Biko:
Nelson Mandela: African national congress, imprisoned for 27 years
Steve Biko: Black consciousness movement, assassinated by south African government
105
12. Which of the following were among the reasons listed in lecture for the fall of Apartheid rule in South Africa? (mark all that apply)
Significant economic crisis due to international boycotts and embargos
Decline of the Soviet Union decreases South Africa’s value as western ally
Synergizing protest movement, union strikes, and military defeats in southern Africa
Growing international support for democracy and condemnation of Apartheid, especially at UN (with increasing number of newly independent African states)
All
106
13. (a) What year did the ANC come into power (effectively putting an end to Apartheid)? And (b) what political economic agenda did they drop as they came into power?
a.
b.
a. 1994
b. Socialism
107
14. Give three reasons why independence movements and subsequently newly independent countries in Africa were drawn to socialist ideologies and methods of development.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i. Anti west
ii. Program that emphasis equality
iii. They were led by communist and socialist
iv. Promised significant amount of aids
v. There are communist and socialist values in traditional African culture
108
15. The wars that broke out across Africa, in places like the South Africa, Congo, Nigeria, and Angola witnessed hundreds of thousands and sometimes millions killed in conflicts sometimes lasting decades, with different sides backed by the West and by the Communists in Cold War P_____________ wars.
Proxy
109
16. While more often associated with US justifications for its bloody interventions in Southeast Asia anti-colonial struggles, the US also cited what ‘theory’ for its interventions throughout post-independence, Cold War Africa? (say the name and briefly summarize the theory)
Domino theory, if one falls to communist neighboring countries would follow
110
17. While the Cold War is often depicted as a struggle between the US and Soviet Russia, what is another foreign power that played a key role in supporting various groups across Africa during the era of decolonization and the Cold War? (two possible answers here)
China
Cuba
111
18. List three of the causes listed in lecture as to why the 1990s were so war-torn in Africa.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i. Still dealing with effects after colonialism
ii. Still dealing with high level of poverty and inequality
iii. Corruption of African government
iv. Outbreak of resource war
112
19. How did the end of the Cold War play a role in the vicious spikes in violence in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s, including several million dead in the Congo?
Massive export/shipment of weapons from former Soviet Union to Africa
113
20. In what country did a civil war between the Hutus and the Tutsis break out in the 1990s, leading to the slaughter, often by machetes, of over 700,000 Tutsis, while UN peacekeeping forces did little to stop the violence?
Rwanda
114
21. Another name for the Resource Curse is the P___________ of P__________.
Paradox of plenty
115
22. Give a brief definition of ‘resource curse’.
Countries with abundant resource, tend to have low economic growth
116
23. What are the three reasons that the resource curse often leads to armed conflict?
i.
ii.
iii.
i. Presence of resources is incentive to conflicts
ii. Control of resources helps to fund the conflicts
iii. Government in resource rich countries are corrupted
117
24. Briefly explain ‘Dutch Disease’.
Over concentration of country’s resources in a single industry
118
25. In Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, and Angola, what abundant resource has made corrupt officials and well connected elites and MNCs fabulously wealthy, but led to tragically high levels of inequality, poverty, and conflict for the vast majority of the population?
Oil, petroleum
119
26. In the 1990s the world’s attention was drawn to the often bloody origins of what valuable commodity?
Diamonds, blood diamonds
120
27. A resource-driven conflict now rages in central Africa over what high-tech related critical material?
Cobalt
121
28. Give two reasons given in lecture why it is necessary to be cautious with the use of the label terrorist to describe militias and insurgencies in Africa.
i.
ii.
iii.
i. The label of terrorist makes it hard to communicate, with Deepening of misunderstanding
ii. Hard to remove the label of terrorist
iii. Label of terrorist did not consider the local conditions
122
29. Terrorists groups have thrived in the Sahel, a large region in west Africa defined by which of the following characteristics? (mark all that apply)
Rampant poverty
Excessive, heavy-handed government
Food insecurity
Corrupt militaries
All
123
30. Africa’s ‘Arc of Instability’ stretches between what two regions?
West Africa to east Africa
124
31. Most African countries remain wary of large US military buildups in the region, which is one reason why AFRICOM, the US military’s central command center for African operations, is located in what country?
African countries refused to host it due to concerns over U.S. military influence
Germany
125
32. The only permanent US military base is Africa is in Djibouti, a location ideal to coordinate operations across East Africa, as well as what other contentious region?
Persian Gulf
126
33. The US military’s drone bases, special forces operations, training programs, and CIA activities are part of a long-running and expansive series of S____________ W_____ they have been fighting across Africa.
Shadow wars
127
34. What two countries is the US currently battling for geopolitical influence across Africa?
i.
ii.
i. China
ii. Russia
128
35. T/F. The Sahel is a large transition zone that stretches across Africa from the Atlantic coast to the Red Sea, and is in between the dry and semi-arid Saharan desert climate of North Africa to the humid and tropical conditions of Sub-Saharan Africa.
T
129
36. What are the two impacts of climate change already negatively impacting life in the Sahel?
i.
ii.
i. Increase drought
ii. Increase desertification
130
37. The conflict between what two groups defines the central tension in many areas of the Sahel?
vs.
38. Less and less of what has increased the conflict between these two groups (from question 3)?
Nomads vs. farmers
Grass, water
131
39. A civil war which has followed Western military intervention in what North African country has led to a cascade of extremist violence southward throughout the Sahel?
Libya
132
40. In light of France’s still immense business, financial, and military influence across West and Central Africa, what name was given to this ‘neocolonial’ sphere of influence?
Francafrique
133
41. Extremist groups have thrived in the Sahel recently, especially within the region of west Africa defined by which of the following characteristics? (mark all that apply)
Rampant poverty
Neglectful, incompetent, corrupt, or nonexistent government
Corrupt and violent militaries
Climate-change driven food insecurity
Large proportion of a vulnerable Muslim population
All
134
42. The Sahel has seen a large surge in refugees over the last decade, as well as IDPs. (a) What does IDP stand for? (b) And what makes them often harder to help than refugees?
a.
b.
a. Internal displaced person
b. They stay within their country, and not label as refugees which makes it hard to provide help to IDP
135
43. In response to the increased flow of refugees from the region, Europe has increased funding for …
Borders and wall, boarder enforcement
136
44. T/F. Sahelian countries Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Chad and Mali are all among the top twenty countries with the fastest projected population growth, and the region is expected to double in size by 2050.
T
137
45. What are three policy recommendations experts have given for better addressing the crisis in the Sahel?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i. Shift away from military responses
ii. Address poverty and underdevelopment
iii. Address climate change, funding to adapt to climate change
iv. Focus on woman and children, empower women, education, lower population
v. Protection for refugee
138
46. A shift in what terminology would likely provide greater protections and support for people fleeing from conditions damaged by climate change?
->
Migrants -> climate refugees
139
1. What are three of the reasons given in lecture for how decades of warfare in Africa disrupted its economic development?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i. Death, loss of life
ii. Destruction, requires rebuilding which is expensive
iii. Distort spending, spending on weapons
iv. Promotes dictator, corruption
v. Decline in international investment
140
2. T/F. In most African states one or two primary commodities dominate the export trade, and the bulk of their imports are from western Europe, with many strong links to former colonial countries.
T
141
3. Briefly, give a definition of terms of trade. And say whether in Africa since 1960 the terms of trade have been stable, improving, or declining.
Ratio between country’s export price and import price
Declining
142
4. Which of the following are among the problems listed in lecture with the railroad infrastructure built during the colonial period? (mark all that apply)
Uncoordinated projects meant systems across the continent with varying kinds of track and rolling stock
Bypassing of high population areas in favor of shortest routes between interior economic interests and coasts
Due to colonial competition, interregional transportation links were underdeveloped or prohibited
Absence of trained indigenous managers and laborers meant severe post-independence administrative and maintenance issues
All
143
5. The legacy of the colonial era’s “B_____________ I____________________” is a “I_________________ D______________” in Sub-Saharan Africa, which refers to its systematic lack of modern transportation, communication, energy, and water systems, constituting major obstacles to economic growth and better public health.
Biased Infrastructure
Infrastructure Deficiency
144
6. T/F. Much of Africa has an extremely low energy consumption per capita; for example, the average household in Mali uses less electricity in a year than a Londoner uses to boil a kettle each day.
T
145
7. Give two benefits and two costs associated with nationalization programs in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Benefits:
i.
ii.
Costs:
i.
ii.
iii.
Benefits:
i. Profits stays within the country
ii. Provide services at low cost, water, electricity
Costs:
i. Lower innovation
ii. Push investors away
iii. Corruption
146
8. What two policies are at the core of ISI?
i.
ii.
i. Provide protection, quotas and tariffs
ii. Provide funding, subsidy
147
9. Name two of the problems ISI had in Sub-Saharan Africa similar to its problems in Latin America.
i.
ii.
i. Corruption of government
ii. Goods not competitive internationally
148
10. List three of the policies associated with the neoliberal structural adjustment programs.
i.
ii.
iii.
i. Cut government spending
ii. Reduce trade controls
iii. Privatization
149
11. That so many Sub-Saharan countries integrated into similar international commodity markets at the same time due to SAPs led to intense P___________ W_______, which were good for first world consumers and businesses but hammered incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Price wars
150
12. T/F. One key difference between SAPs in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa is that Sub-Saharan Africa did not implement the severe cuts to education and health programs that Latin America did.
F
151
13. List two of the criticisms of the SAPs implicit in the Post-Washington Consensus paradigm.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i. Neglect social welfare
ii. Decrease state capacity
iii. Neglect environmental impacts
iv. Cuts on education programs
v. Neglect the role of women
152
14. Provide two of the reasons that some analysts consider the low levels of industrialization in some peripheral countries as examples of ‘dependent industrialization’.
i.
ii.
iii.
i. Low skilled, low waged manufacture
ii. No technological advancement, low technology
iii. Dominated by foreign firms
153
15. Which of the following does the lecture list as among the causes of the 1980s debt crisis in Sub-Saharan Arica? (mark all that apply)
Expensive failures of ISI and later SAPs to generate promised level of economic growth
Prolonged and devasting droughts in the early 80s and warfare in the 1990s over much of the continent
Protectionism in both agricultural and manufacturing sectors of the Global North limited Sub-Saharan Africa’s export options
Punitive debt re-schedulings that provided immediate relief but deeper long term indebtedness
All
154
16. T/F. While the late 90s and early 2000s saw dramatic decreases in Africa debt due to forgiveness, write-downs and re-schedulings, the levels of African debt have recently been on the rise again with significant increases in loans from private lenders and China.
T
155
17. Briefly define ‘Extractivism’.
Countries that disproportionally depend on extraction of natural resources
156
18. List three of the criticisms of extractivist economies.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i. Dominated by foreign firm
ii. Government corruption
iii. Poor working conditions
iv. Environmentally destructive
157
19. What are the two key costs of brain drain?
i.
ii.
i. Losing expertise
ii. Losing potential revenue generator
158
20. Give an explanation of push factors of brain drain and two examples.
Definition:
i.
ii.
Definition: factors that prompted talented workers to leave
i. Educational limits
ii. Political instability
159
21. Give an explanation of pull factors of brain drain and two examples.
Definition:
i.
ii.
Definition: factors that draw talented workers aboard
i. Better jobs
ii. Social network
160
22. List two benefits of brain drain.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i. Remittances
ii. Increases trade ties
iii. Talents that leave also comes back, with knowledge and experience
iv. Increase international workforce leads to democracy
161
23. D________ B________ refers to the economic and social costs of the morbidity, mortality, and recovery from particular health problems.
Disease burden
162
24. Briefly explain the difference between direct and indirect costs.
Direct: medical costs
Indirect costs: loss of labor productivity
163
25. Briefly explain how Africa is now suffering from a ‘double burden of disease’.
Suffering poverty disease and industrial pollution disease (with development)
164
26. T/F. Around 240 million people live in slums in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is over 50% of the total urban population on the sub-continent, and this number is expected to grow to 360 million by 2030.
T
165
27. According to some estimates, of the fifteen fastest growing cities in the world, ___ are in Africa.
15
166
28. List two factors that make slums a drag on economic growth.
i.
ii.
i. Slums do not generate revenue for government
ii. Capitals are trapped in slums, trapped capitals
167
29. What is the “terrible irony” of climate change?
One that contributed the least suffers the most
168
30. T/F. Africa is warming faster than the rest of the world.
T
169
31. Due to its loss of rainfall, glacier melt, decline of river water, rise of sea levels affecting coastal fresh water supplies, and increasing population, Africa is facing a wide variety of intense “H__________ S_________.”
Hydrological stress
170
32. T/F. While Africa is expected to experience significant shifts in its agricultural production, one piece of good news is that it is unlikely to see significant overall declines in its basic cereal crops, such as rice and wheat.
F
171
33. While many of the expected 70-100 million climate migrants by 2050 will attempt the difficult and desperate trek to richer regions like Europe, most of these migrants will instead up in what two other places?
Other African countries
Other neighboring countries
GEO 100
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Decks in class (5)
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