midterm 3 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

T/F. The Opium Wars were a series of wars in the middle 1800s caused by Britain’s demand that China keep its markets open to lucrative (for the British) but socially destructive opium sales from British traders in India.

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T/F. The series of Unequal Treaties in the 1800s refers to a series of agreements that a declining China was forced into by foreign powers that effectively carved up significant parts of China as either colonies of foreign powers or dominated spheres of foreign influence.

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The __________ Rebellion was a group of radical, communist-like Christian peasants that emerged and spread and sent China into a long, bloody civil war in the 1850s, ultimately leaving over 20 million dead.

Taiping

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The ___________ Rebellion was a peasant uprising in the early 1900s of a cultish exercise group that emerged as a vicious, anti-foreigner militia with significant support from the Chinese state, but was ultimately put down by a multinational army that invaded and ransacked Beijing.

Boxer

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T/F. China suffered little during World War II since most of the fighting in East Asia between the Japanese and the Allies took place in Southeast Asia and along island chains leading towards Japan.

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T/F. The Communist war effort against the Japanese was much more persistent and successful than the Nationalists despite lacking its foreign support, and this effort provided the Communists with a large base of support and a powerful, experienced, and disciplined army for the civil war that followed.

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Briefly explain how Mao’s Marxist theory and strategy is different from more orthodox Marxist theory and strategy.

Marxist: urban proletariat, seizing the means of production, advanced economic
Mao: Rural peasantry, fight guerrilla war, in underdeveloped countries

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When the Nationalists lost the Chinese Civil War in 1949 to the Communists, to where did the Nationalists flee?

Taiwan

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T/F. Mao’s Cultural Revolution, an economic modernization plan modeled on Soviet industrialization, was a moderately successful industrialization of communist China, but also an incredibly poorly managed process that was tragically costly, including a great famine that killed between 20 and 30 million people.

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T/F. As part of the Great Leap Forward, China had initially planned large scale public works programs in water conservancy, afforestation, and natural disaster preparedness, but ultimately these plans were abandoned for the sake of plans for rapid industrialization that were massively damaging to the environment.

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What were two of Mao’s motivations or goals for the Cultural Revolution?

i.
ii.
iii.

i. Purge the leadership of his enemies
ii. Reawakes racial mission of communist party
iii. Provide young people with revolution experience

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What is the name of the group that Mao mobilized to lead the Cultural Revolution? And what is distinctive about them demographically?

Red guards, young people from school
(Force local officials to confess their crimes)

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(a) What is the division among the Communist elite that motivated Mao’s push for a Cultural Revolution and was also deepened as a result of the Cultural Revolution? (b) And which group is victorious after Mao’s death in 1976?

Radicals and reformist
Reformist

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T/F. The One Child Policy was another of Mao’s failed social experiments, like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.

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List two of the methods of enforcement used by the Chinese government to make sure the One Child policy was followed.

i.
ii.
iii.

i. Financial incentive
ii. Sanctions economically, exclusion of types of work, promotion
iii. Forced abortion

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Besides a drop in birth rates, list two other consequences of the One Child Policy in China.

ii.

i. Ratio between male and female, skewing towards male

ii. Skewing population of older cohort, not enough young people

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T/F. When the One Child Policy ended in 2015, it became clear how much anger and resentment had existed over the policy as China has seen a massive increase in its birth rates since then as the younger generations of parents have overwhelming chosen to have multiple children.

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What country initiated the model for what would become known as the East Asian Developmental State?

Japan

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What countries are the four Asian Tigers?

Taiwan, south Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore

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Which of the following were listed in lecture as key features of the East Asian Developmental State model?
Strong managerial, regulative, and spending role for the state

Export-oriented protectionism

Innovative financial relations

Low spending on infrastructure and education

Diversified industrial development based on suppressed wages

Export-oriented protectionism

Innovative financial relations

Diversified industrial development based on suppressed wages

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T/F. The Japanese ‘Keiretsu’ and the Korean ‘Chaebol’ are different names for similar systems: extremely large conglomerates of financially and sometimes functionally interrelated sets of firms with strong central coordination and considerable state collaboration.

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What are the two interrelated reasons that the US supported such different policies in East Asia than it did in much of the rest of the developing world?

ii.

i. Fighting war, direct war supports

ii. Develop east Asia allies

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Which of these is NOT true of Deng Xiaoping?

Began his career as a close ally of Mao Zedong during the revolutionary struggles against the Nationalists

As he rose in power, came to be associated with the reformist, pragmatic, managerial wing of the party

In a parallel to Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika, he pushed for political reforms in tandem with the economic reforms, which considerably increased political freedoms and loosened one party rule in China

Helped oversee China’s strategic use of capitalist reforms such as private property, market dynamics, and SEZs

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What does SEZ and EPZ stand for? Where were they most often located?

SEZ:

EPZ:

Location:

SEZ: special economic zone

EPZ: export processing zone

Location: coastal areas, port facilities

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25. What major event took place in 2001, fundamentally reshaping the global economy?

China joined the WTO

26. List three of the key differences of the Green Revolution in China as covered in lecture. i. ii. iii.

i. Land redistribution to farmers ii. State control, driven iii. Few foreign firms

27. T/F. Due to China’s poverty and underdevelopment, even for a Global South country, small amounts of fertilizer and pesticides were used as central elements of China’s green revolution since they could not afford the high prices western MNCs charged.

28. In the 1960s the hunger levels in China were roughly ____%, whereas today they are roughly ___%.

50%, 5%

29. T/F. China is now the largest food importer in the world and second largest food exporter.

30. What tension or dueling motivations are at the heart of China’s current food policies?

Domestic food security and food support to ally countries

32. How many cities of over 1 million people does China have? 15 55 105 155

155

31. T/F. China’s urban population is roughly 900 million, and yet its urbanization rate is only 65%.

33. (a) From 2010 to 2025 the Chinese government expected how many millions of people to migrate from rural areas to cities? And (b) from 2025 to 2050, how many millions of people does the Chinese government expect to migrate from rural areas to cities?

300 million 300 million

34. What is perhaps the key difference between coastal cities and interior cities in China?

Costal, more foreign influences, cosmopolitan Interior, dominated by the state, state industries, housing

35. T/F. Historically there has been a strong relationship between a country’s urbanization rate and its GDP per capita.

36. T/F. The BRI is a sharp break with past spending patterns and ambitions in China.

37. List three of the primary motivations for China’s BRI. i. ii. iii. iv. v.

i. Access to critical minerals ii. Utilize surplus of capitals, industrial iii. Diversify trade route to be less vulnerable iv. Increase financial influence, power v. Increase geopolitical influence

38. What is the name that has been given by analysts to the BRI’s port and naval construction project?

String of pearls

39. T/F. Debt trap diplomacy refers to how many financial analysts in the West believe that China’s development projects are bad deals and likely to saddle China with significant amounts of debt and economic trouble.

40. The Quad, a security alliance clearly intended to contain China’s military ambitions in Asia, is made up of what four countries? i. ii. iii. iv.

i. US ii. Japan iii. India iv. Australia

1. What are three of the reasons that China has recently become serious about addressing climate change? i. ii. iii. iv. v.

i. Become aware of the vulnerability and impact of climate change ii. Growing sense of global responsibility iii. Awareness of energy security issue, reduce foreign dependent on fuels iv. New market opportunities in green technology, EV, solar panels v. Public outcry

2. What are China’s “dual carbon” goals? Goal 1: Definition: Date: Goal 2: Definition: Date:

Goal 1: peak carbon emission Definition: carbon emission reaches its highest level, then starts decline Date: 2030 Goal 2: Net zero Definition: carbon emission equals the carbon capture/remove Date: 2060

3. List four problems associated with climate change that are already impacting the Chinese economy and costing it billions annually. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

i. Rising sea level ii. More frequent and stronger storms iii. More intense heat waves iv. More and intense drought v. More flooding events vi. Spreading desertification vii. Declining agriculture activity/yield

4. What are two of the key sources of air pollution in China? i. ii.

i. Industrial plants ii. Coal burning

5. (a) Estimates now suggest how many people die every year globally from air pollution? And (b) how many people die a year in China?

6 million, 1.6 million

6. What city in the 1990s and 2000s became the “air pollution capital of the world”?

Beijing

7. Briefly, explain why March 2013 became the turning point for air pollution in China.

Election of xi jinping, serious actions on air pollution

8. Which of the following were methods used by China to reduce its air pollution? (mark all that apply) Set up a nationwide system of monitoring stations New government regulations restricting car and truck use and emissions Massive state subsidies to develop electric vehicle production and purchase Shut down some coal mines and plants and put restrictions on the operations of ones still in use Financing for companies to shift towards more energy efficient operations

All

9. T/F. Though not a perfect rule, in general a country’s air quality gets considerably worse as it emerges out of poverty through industrialization, but then improves once it becomes affluent and able to afford regulations and remedies.

10. China’s rapid advances in solar, wind, and battery technologies have been astonishing. China’s current share of global manufacturing capacity now stands at (65, 75, 80) % for solar modules % for wind turbines % for battery storage.

80 % for solar modules 65 % for wind turbines 75 % for battery storage.

11. T/F. While wind turbines still generate far more power than solar panels over a year, solar panels have overtaken wind turbines as the world’s biggest renewables market due to dominance in its scale of production.

12. T/F. Both solar and wind power generation are now cheaper on a new-build basis than fossil-fuel generated electricity.

13. China wants to become the S_____________ A_____________ of renewables.

Saudi Arabia

14. What difficult choice do many foreign countries face regarding China’s renewable technologies?

Accept new renewable power from China or develop their own solar energy, slow/prevent development in this sector

15. Explain how the development of the renewable technology sector illustrates China’s ideal plan for the evolution of its manufacturing sector.

Low wage low skills dominate by foreign firm Government investment in innovation and education, support and protect local firms, regulations and enforcement Domestic firms as advance technology

16. China’s advances in various green technology sectors are one of its primary pathways for overcoming the M_______________ I_______________ T_______________, a situation in which countries stagnate at the level of low-skill, low-wage basic manufacturing, rather than advancing to the higher technology, higher profit, more diversified manufacturing sectors of rich core economies.

Middle income trap

17. (a) Explain how China’s current needs for ‘energy security’ undermine its climate policies? And (b) explain how China’s desire for energy security long-term encourages its development of renewable energy sources and technologies. a. b.

a. Ramps up coal burning b. Sub out fossil fuel for renewable sources

18. T/F. In addition to private vehicles, China has launched major initiatives to electrify its fleets of taxis, logistical trucking, and city buses.

19. List three of the benefits of China’s electric vehicle revolution. i. ii. iii. iv. v.

i. Reduces carbon emissions ii. Reduce dependency on foreign energy iii. Reduce air pollution iv. Support for domestic firms v. Advancing and diversify manufacturing sector

20. T/F. While China has massively invested in and rapidly expanded its high speed rail network over the last decade, it is still well behind the US in total km of high speed track.

F US got no high speed track

21. T/F. While China’s high speed rail industry initially depended on technology transfers from foreign firms, it is now driven by domestic firms at the forefront of world in terms of advanced speeds, signaling systems, driverless technology, and construction times.

22. In addition to its myriad economic benefits, what two other benefits does China seek through its high-speed rail network? i. ii. iii. iv.

i. Reduce carbon emission ii. Use as a tool for economic and social cohesion iii. Symbol of pride and accomplishment, leadership in high tech sector iv. Geopolitical influence, southeast Asia and Russia

1. 40% of the cost to produce an EV is due to what?

Battery

2. T/F. China’s EV market makes up over half of all EV sales globally.

3. What are the first and second reasons China’s companies were able to develop their EV battery’? First: Second:

First: Huge government support Second: control of battery component supply chains

5. To protect their own battery industry, when foreign firms wanted to sell their EVs in the China market, what policy did the Chinese government adopt?

Car must use Chinese make batteries

4. Which of the following does the video list as among the policies the Chinese government used to supported the development of the EV sector? (mark all that apply) Subsidies for each sale Cheap land leases Cheap loans from state-owned banks R&D spending Tax breaks Contracts to electrify bus and taxi fleets Charging discounts, special parking, lane advantages, tax breaks for consumers

All

6. What milestone in EV sales was reached in China in 2024?

Half of new cars sales were EV

8. T/F. China has a 70% or over market dominance of the four main components of the EV battery cell.

7. T/F. While China dominates the global mining of many of the critical materials for batteries, it is currently dependent on the advanced refineries of first world countries and regions like the US and EU.

9. BYD, a major EV producer in China, started as what kind of company in the 1990s?

Battery manufacturing for electronics

10. T/F. Historically, the major competitor to China in battery making was not the US, but Japan and Korea.

11. What are the two advantages of LFP batteries? And (iii) what does these batteries indicate about China’s battery sector? i. ii. iii.

i. Cheaper than lithium ion ii. Higher performing battery iii. Leading battery innovator

12. What are the three ‘concerns’ expressed about China’s EV battery industry? i. ii. iii.

i. Human rights ii. China battery is product of unfair competition iii. Pollution level

1. T/F. In exchange for being granted diplomatic recognition by the West, and as a result of integration into international markets, Taiwan became one of the few flourishing democracies in Asia in the decades after World War II.

2. What major diplomatic event occurred in 1979?

Recognition of China

3. What is the name of China’s policy towards Taiwan?

One China policy

5. T/F. The agreement reached between China and Britain in the handing over of Hong Kong back to China included measures to protect Hong Kong’s distinctive economic, political, and legal system.

4. T/F. Recently trade has significantly increased between Taiwan and China, and because of these deepening positive ties, China has reduced its military activity in the region.

7. What was the primary demand of the student protestors in Hong Kong in 2019? And how did the Chinese government respond? Basic Demand: Chinese Response:

Basic Demand: protect democracy in Hong Kong Chinese Response: crackdown in pro-democracy movement

6. What is the name of China’s policy towards Hong Kong?

One country, two systems

8. What two cities have most benefitted from multinationals leaving Hong Kong? i. ii.

i. Tokyo ii. Singapore

9. T/F. Xinjiang, while being home to some 11-12 million Uighur Muslims, is also a resource-rich province in far west China.

11. In addition to the camps, what two other policies has China enacted to control dissent and decrease the power of the Uighurs in Xinjiang? i. ii.

i. System of intense surveillance ii. Emergence of han population, demographic dilution/displacement

10. Reports suggest that around 1 million Uighurs have been held in what critics call C__________________ camps where physical and psychological abuse is common, while China refers to them as R__-__________________ camps for ‘vocational training’.

Concentration camps Re-education camps

12. Briefly, what is the importance of the Nine-Dash Line?

Claim to 90% of south China sea, marking to territory rights

17. China’s tensions with India over water policies and resources in the Himalayas mirrors its tensions with neighboring countries over what other water system?

Mekong delta, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

13. (a) What does China do in the Sea to strengthen its claims to the region? And (b) what does the US conduct to counter China’s territorial ambitions? a. b.

a. Artificial island, naval base b. Freedom of navigation patrols

14. What three resources are at the core of the dispute over the South China Sea? i. ii. iii.

i. Sea lanes ii. Oil and natural gas iii. Rich fishing

15. What is the primary complexity many countries in the South China Sea region face in pursuing strong resistance to China on the issue of the islands?

Deep trade ties with China (economic dependent), making them reluctant to confront China

16. What are three sources of tension between China and India? i. ii. iii. iv.

i. Border dispute, Himalayas region ii. Water dispute iii. Cashmere conflict iv. String of pearls surrounding India

1. T/F. The first phase of European colonization of Southeast Asia was not an intensive form of territorial expansion and administration, but instead a couple hundred years mostly of Europeans setting up trade networks, settlements on the coast, and alliances with major powers in the region.

2. Give two reasons why or how the traditional societies throughout Southeast Asia were increasingly weakened leading to the full European take-over in the 1800s. i. ii.

i. Economic undermining of the society ii. Control of economic trade flows

3. Give three reasons why European powers were suddenly very focused on expanding their control over Southeast Asia in the 1800s, including using violent means to take direct control over territory. i. ii. iii. iv.

i. Lost American colonies ii. need for raw materials iii. surplus of labors iv. surplus of capital

4. The second phase of European colonization in Southeast Asia included long-term, large-scale imposition of control on populations that did not want to be colonized any longer and/or resisted the imposition of colonial controls. These “P______________ C_____________” of imperial expansion and stability were often very brutal and bloody.

Pacification Campaigns

5. What Western power colonized …..? Indonesia Vietnam Malaysia Philippines

Indonesia Netherland Vietnam France Malaysia Britian Philippines Spain and US

6. T/F. In contrast to the agricultural systems in Latin America and the Caribbean, due to the different climatic conditions and different levels of possible labor exploitation, the European powers never set up similar plantation style systems in Southeast Asia.

8. T/F. The mostly self-educated early leaders of independence movements could be described as anti-colonial but not anti-western.

7. What are the reasons that colonial powers in Southeast Asia never built significant education systems for native populations? (mark all that apply) Would require significant investment that Europeans were unwilling to pay Racist ideologies that considered locals subhuman and biologically and intellectually inferior Worried that a more educated population would be politically demanding and possibly rebellious None of the above, one of the significant differences between colonialism in Southeast Asia and elsewhere was the building of large education systems for native populations

Would require significant investment that Europeans were unwilling to pay Racist ideologies that considered locals subhuman and biologically and intellectually inferior Worried that a more educated population would be politically demanding and possibly rebellious

10. T/F. Despite widespread anger among the population, there were no anticolonial revolts in Southeast Asia until the independence movements post World War II.

9. Give two of the reasons listed in lecture for the widespread deep bitterness felt by Southeast Asians during the colonial period. i. ii. iii. iv.

i. Exploitation of local resources for Europeans ii. Violence iii. Discontent over taxation law, Europeans are exempted iv. Corruption, manipulate the law for European benefits

11. Provide two similarities and two differences between the European and Japanese forms of colonial rule in Southeast Asia. Similarities: i. ii. Differences: i. ii.

Similarities: i. Resource extractive and exploitive, ii. Racial superiority of the Japanese Differences: i. Asia for Asians projects ii. Appeals to nationalist sentiment of these countries

12. While Japan systematically exploited Southeast Asia, often as ruthlessly if not worse than the Europeans, it was also deeply inspiring and in various ways empowering to Asian people and their leaders for which of the following reasons? (mark all that apply) Many Southeast Asians appreciated the Japanese for defeating their former colonial rulers Japanese victories dispelled the myth of European superiority and invincibility The Japanese often elevated local elites, especially many educated local elites, to positions of political and administrative prominence and power they were denied by the Europeans The brutality and exploitation by the Japanese further inspired Asian populations to rid their countries of foreign oppressors of any kind

All

13. T/F. Hopes were high across the Southeast Asian region that as the Japanese were defeated by the West that their country could declare and be recognized as an independent country.

14. T/F. The Japanese war efforts in Southeast Asia led to lots of guns and other war material to be made accessible to independence movements, as well as providing many of them with significant fighting experience, especially jungle guerrilla warfare.

15. What were two ways nationalist messaging appealed to Southeast Asian peoples? i. ii.

i. Unify diverse people into one ii. Justification for the struggle against colonial power, nation of their own

16. The bitterly contested reimposition of European control across Southeast Asia is known as the S_____________ C____________ O______________.

Second Colonial Occupation

17. T/F. Many of the independence movements and newly independent states could accurately be described as ‘backward looking’ in the sense that they often turned towards the precolonial past for cultural and political inspiration and turned their backs on modernization, which they associated with the west and colonialism.

3. Give two of the sources of extreme violence in Asia in the postwar period. i. ii. iii.

i. Violence of the independence movement against the insurgency, civil war ii. Cold war struggle against the west iii. Ethnic group conflicts

1. Briefly explain why some scholars argue that Cold War is a distorting label for the postwar period.

Distortion of the violence throughout the developing world

2. Give two reasons Maoism was so influential in independence movements throughout Asia. i. ii. iii.

i. Lead a successful communist revolution ii. Message speak directly to the peasants, land reform iii. Military model, guerrilla warfare strategy

8. T/F. While an election was to be held on whether to unify Vietnam after the Communists pushed the French out of the north, US opposition to the election (that the Communists were almost certain to win) and support for a ‘puppet’ totalitarian government provoked an insurgency in the south.

4. T/F. During the era of the Cold War, from the end of World War II to 1990, some 20 million people died in violent conflicts, the vast majority Asian civilians.

7. What country proved to be a vital source of support for the Viet Minh’s insurgency against French colonial rule (and later US occupation)?

China

5. T/F. While the French state was collaborating with the Nazis in Europe, French forces in Vietnam were working closely with local Vietnamese groups to steadfastly resist the advances of the Japanese army.

6. T/F. The US collaborated with the communist insurgency (the Viet Minh) in Vietnam during World War II since they were a well-organized effective insurgency force; but after the war, and after the Viet Minh declared Vietnam an independent country, the US supported the efforts of France to reimpose colonial control and defeat the Viet Minh.

9. What was the Communist insurgency in southern Vietnam popularly known as?

Viet Cong

10. The communist insurgency in Malaysia was primarily supported by what ethnic group? And what percentage of the overall population were they?

Chinese, 40%

11. Why was it called the Malaysian Emergency?

British insurance allowed businesses and plantations to continue receiving insurance payouts.

16. Briefly explain the central importance of the Ho Chi Minh trail to the Vietnam War.

It is the primary pathway to support and troops to the war, north to south Vietnam

12. Briefly explain the evolution of the anti-insurgency forces in Malaysia.

Provide leadership for Malays, deepen divide between the Malays and Chinese

13. T/F. The British during the Malaya Emergency drew upon many of the same tactics—massive rural relocation, search and destroy missions, ‘hearts and minds’ programs—that the Americans had developed before them in the Vietnam War.

21. T/F. Ample evidence exists of the US providing significant forms of support to Indonesian generals involved in the slaughter of the communists, including weapons, economic assistance, and lists of names of suspected communists.

20. T/F. The communist party in Indonesia was the largest in the non-communist-led world, and the systematic and brutal slaughter of them in late 1960s eventually killed somewhere between 1 and 2 million of them (and many hundreds of thousands more of minority groups), while tens of thousands more were subjected to vicious forms of torture, and many sentenced to exhausting and often deadly labor camps.

14. Why was the ‘victory’ over the Malayan Communist rebels achieved by the British ultimately not much of a victory for the colonial power?

British was forced to make compromises and leave the country

17. T/F. After years of warfare against the French and Americans, an estimated 4 million Vietnamese had been killed, 11.5 forced from their homes, and 5 million sprayed with toxic chemicals.

15. Which of the following were key strategies of the US effort to stop the communist insurgency in Vietnam? Strategic Hamlets: massive relocations of rural peasants into enclosed camps with unfulfilled promises of modern infrastructure and programs Indiscriminate bombing campaigns on South Vietnam Viet Cong targets, North Vietnam infrastructure, and in secret wars in Cambodia and Laos Strategy of Attrition focused on killing as many enemy soldiers as possible, believing at some point the communists would be unable to replace their losses Defoliation campaigns that systematically destroyed trees and crops with 20 million gallons of chemicals, leading to high levels of civilian deaths, horrible burns, cancer rates, and birth defects

All

22. T/F. While Sukarno had nationalized many of the major industries formerly run by Dutch companies, General Suharto privatized these industries, including allowing many to be purchased by American and European firms.

18. What country, oddly so considering its later involvement in Southeast Asia, helped to force the Dutch to withdraw from Indonesia several years after World War II.

19. T/F. Sukarno is the Indonesian independence leader who became president and was ultimately overthrown by general Suharto in the mid 1960s, and then Suharto became an American-supported authoritarian ruler of Indonesia for the next thirty years.

23. T/F. When the Indonesian military, led by the same figures that oversaw the communist purge, invaded East Timor from 1975-1979 and then subjected the people to twenty four years of systematic torture, sexual slavery, massacres, and deliberate starvation, the US finally dropped its financial support for Suharto’s military regime and led protests against it at the United Nations that led to punitive sanctions against Indonesia.

4. What early industrializing power in Asia became a critical investor and developer of many of the other Asian economies that industrialized after it?

Japan

3. T/F. One of the key aspects of the development of the Asian Tigers is how little they invested in education early on and thus saved money for industrialization, preferring to focus on low-skill and low wage labor early on in their development and strategically waiting to spend resources later in their developmental cycle to expand and improve their education systems.

2. What are two of the common key policies of economic development of Asian Tigers and Little Tigers? i. ii. iii. iv. v.

i. Strong state, in terms of spending, political ii. Export oriented iii. Wage suppression iv. Innovated financial schemes v. Big investment into education and infrastructure

1. What four countries are part of the Asian Tigers? And what four countries are the main members of the Little Tigers? And what does NIC stand for? Asian Tigers: Little Tigers: NIC:

Asian Tigers: Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, south Korea Little Tigers: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam NIC: newly industrializing countries

12. What happened in 2006 that significantly improved Vietnam’s development opportunities?

Vietnam joined WTO

11. What happened in 1994 that significantly improved Vietnam’s development opportunities?

US drops trade embargo

5. What political trend defines many of the Asian Tigers (especially in the early decades) and Little Tigers?

Authoritarian capitalism

8. (i) What does SWF stand for? And (ii) briefly describe what they are. i. ii.

i. Sovereign wealth fund ii. State owned/managed investment fund

13. What two countries are the main destination of Vietnamese goods? i. ii.

i. US ii. China

9. If economic growth and high quality of life is the economic side, what is the political side of the ‘Singapore Model’?

Centralized state, Authoritarian state, limited political freedom Authoritarian capitalism

10. What is the name for Vietnam’s pro-capitalist reforms? And what does the name mean?

Doi Moi, innovation/renovation

7. T/F. Singapore is currently the second busiest port in the world in terms of total tonnage.

6. T/F. While Singapore has used elements of free market development strategies like low taxes and openness to trade and foreign capital, it has also included high levels of government spending, regulation, and ownership, making it more of a mixed economy than the fully free market one it is often depicted as.

14. Briefly describe the process of the creation of much of Vietnam’s new domestic class of economic oligarchs.

Corrupt class created by privatization required by SAP

17. Indonesia has roughly ___% of the world’s supply of nickel. 5% 15% 25% 55%

25%

16. T/F. Likely due to the recent spread of low-wage work with long hours, increase in corruption and inequality, and deepening ties to its historic enemy the United States, Capitalism has very low approval rate in Vietnam.

15. T/F. Most impressively for a developing country integrating into global trade flows and institutions during this era, Vietnam has been able to maintain its progressive pro-worker labor code even while attracting foreign capital and rapidly developing its manufacturing sector.

20. Give two motivations for Indonesia’s raw nickel ban. i. ii. iii.

i. Get more investment in high value sector, move up value added chain ii. Attract foreign investment iii. Development domestic EV sector

19. Indonesia’s “D______________” policy bans all raw nickel exports and requires domestic processing.

Down streaming

18. What (i) new and what (ii) traditional industries is Nickel key to? i. ii.

i. Lithium-ion batteries, EV ii. Steel production

23. (i) What does OFW stand for? And (ii) roughly what percentage the population are they? i. ii.

i. Overseas Filipino worker ii. 10%

25. (i) What is the most frequent job for male OFWs? And (ii) what is the top job for female OFWs? i. ii.

i. Construction sector ii. Domestic worker

21. T/F. Indonesia’s nickel ban has led to considerable growth in foreign investment, nickel smelters, and jobs.

26. (i) To what region of the world do most OFWs go? And (ii) which country the most? i. ii.

i. Middle east ii. Saudi Arabia

28. Briefly explain the role OFWs play in the domestic Filipino economy.

Massive remittances, 8% of GDP

32. What illicit industry is rapidly expanding recently throughout Southeast Asia, and includes large percentages of enslaved laborers?

Cyber scam

24. Give two push factors for such high rates of Filipinos working abroad. i. ii. iii.

i. Low level of employment ii. Low wages iii. High population growth

22. T/F. In the face of opposition from powerful rich countries Indonesia has announced plans to reform its nickel ban and scrap any plans for expanding the program to other materials.

29. Which Southeast Asian country is a world leader in the fishing industry?

Thailand

35. What country supplies the bulk of ‘precursor’ chemicals for the exploding synthetic drug production throughout Southeast Asia?

China

27. Provide two problems that many, especially female, OFWs face working abroad. i. ii. iii.

i. Wage stealing ii. Physical abuse iii. Sexual abuse

30. What are the two ways most enslaved people in the southeast Asian fishing industry? i. ii.

i. Debt bondage, deceptive recruitment ii. Seize documents

34. Explain Myanmar’s double-sided Resource War.

Both side of military and rebel group use drug sale for funding

33. The drug epicenter ‘Golden Triangle’ is spread out over what three countries?

Myanmar, Laos, Thailand

31. Briefly explain how globalization has helped spread human trafficking.

Increase demand for seafood, incentive illicit activity Increase demand for international labor More complex supply chain, hard for monitoring

40. List three costs of deforestation and fires in Indonesia. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

i. Huge amount of carbon emission ii. Loss of carbon sink iii. Biodiversity decline iv. Forest fire v. Flooding vi. Air pollution vii. Spread of infectious diseases, zoonotic

39. (a) In addition to the plantations, timber, and mining industries, local communities are often responsible for deforestation in Indonesia due to what farming technique? And (b) what additional problem does this cause? a. b.

a. Slash and burn b. Wildfire and smoke clouds

41. [Modified] Which of the following are among the reasons for Indonesia’s recent success in lowering annual rates of deforestation? (mark all that apply) Increased law enforcement cracking down on illegal mining, farming, and fires Growing world demand and rising prices for palm oil International and national level forest protection spending projects, such as the UN REDD program Expansion of Indonesia’s social service safety net, including many pro-poor policies and worker protections

Increased law enforcement cracking down on illegal mining, farming, and fires International and national level forest protection spending projects, such as the UN REDD program Expansion of Indonesia’s social service safety net, including many pro-poor policies and worker protections

37. What are the three largest rainforests in the world (in order)? i. ii. iii.

i. Amazon ii. Congo iii. Borneo

3. Which of the following were among the accumulating discontents within the Indian population that led to the 1857 uprising against the British East India Company? (mark all that apply) Burdensome taxes Discriminatory, racist policies that favored company and whites Agricultural policies leading to food scarcity in rural areas British acceptance and deepening of pro-male policies and caste system

Burdensome taxes Discriminatory, racist policies that favored company and whites Agricultural policies leading to food scarcity in rural areas

4. T/F. One of the main reasons for the failure of the Sepoy Mutiny was the lack of support from powerful Indian Princes, who failed to back the uprising among the Indian troops against the British East India Company.

36. What Southeast Asian country’s lengthy interior mountainous border region, multiple international ports, increasing global trade, and growing wealth have made it a primary transshipment node and increasing consumption market for the drug trade?

Vietnam

38. (i) Roughly how much of the original rainforest in Borneo is left? And (ii) What crop has been the largest driver of deforestation on Borneo? i. ii.

i. 50% ii. Palm oil

1. With their structure as a joint-stock company and operations in several foreign countries, the East India Company can be seen as an important precursor to what modern economic organization?

Multinational corporations

2. Briefly explain why scholars increasingly choose to use a different name for the uprising in 1857 than the ‘Sepoy Mutiny’.

The rebellion is wide spread of discontent, not just the soldiers itself

5. What did the Government of India Act of 1858 do?

Transfer power from British east India company to British crown/government

10. Briefly explain Britain’s policy of purposeful de-industrialization in India.

Undermine and eliminate Indian textile sector, flood Indian textiles from British

8. T/F. The British colonial army in India was mostly made up of Indian troops.

7. T/F. In terms of the segregation that existed in culture, housing, and jobs, between the British and the Indians they ruled over, there were essentially racist Apartheid conditions in British India.

6. T/F. When power over India is transferred from the company (the British East India Company) to the crown (the British government), the British decide to dispense with the agreements the company had made with the Indian princes that held power in many regions of India; instead, they took all power away from the princes and imposed direct forms of rule over the whole of India.

9. The opening of what in 1869 massively expanded the economic importance of India for the European economy?

The Suez Canal

11. In a case of biased colonial infrastructure, which of the following were key motivations or consequences of the expansion of the railroad in India? (mark all that apply) Facilitated extraction of raw materials Transitions to more commercialized and larger-scale farming Devastation of local handcrafts sector due to flood of cheaper British imports More effective movement of British troops, particularly into the interior and towards the frontiers

All

13. Briefly explain ‘Home Charges’.

Taxation intended to pay for colonial administration

12. What system do some scholars call the ‘legalized plunder’ of India by the British?

Taxation system

17. What does Swaraj, the main rallying cry of the independence movement in India, mean?

Self-government

14. Give two of the main methods or sources of wealth extraction from India by the British. i. ii. iii. iv.

i. Tax Indian and buy back at lower prices ii. Tax on slat, taxation system iii. Growing opium in India and sell in China, Opium trade iv. Raw material extraction, coal

15. What are the two ways that the colonization and exploitation of India helped British ‘expansion’? i. ii.

i. Industrial expansion ii. Imperial expansion

16. T/F. The independence movement, particularly among the leaders of it, can be seen as both a product of inspiration from the British (e.g. the influence of western political philosophy) but also a reaction against British rule (e.g. their exclusion from any real positions of power).

20. (a) Why was there so much support for British war efforts in World War I among the leadership of the Indian National Congress? And (b) why did the Muslim League hesitate in their support? a. b.

a. Support for the British will be repaid with independence b. Muslim don’t want to fight against other Muslim, ottoman empire

18. While Hindus and Muslims by and large lived peacefully side by side with each other during the colonial era, the British contributed to the deepening division between them through its “D________ and R______” strategy of pitting them against each other in battles over resources.

Divide and rule

21. T/F. While over 1 million Indian troops were sent by the British to help fight World War I in other colonized areas (mostly in Africa), they refused to send them to fight in Europe since they believed they would not be good enough soldiers to fight against European armies.

19. Within both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League a rift emerges between moderates and radicals. The moderates wanted to work with the British to make incremental but cumulative reforms, so the radicals called them “T___________”. The radicals wanted to use aggressive tactics, sabotage, and violence to force the British to withdraw, so the moderates considered them “E____________”.

Traitors Extremist

23. T/F. In a series of laws passed after World War I, the British made good on their promises to Hindu and Muslim leaders and finally significantly expanded the role of democracy and local government in India.

25. As one of the key leaders of the more aggressive (though not violent) wing of the Indian National Congress, what were Gandhi’s key strategies and/or campaigns to end British rule in India? (mark all that apply) Synthesizing modern ideas such as national independence, freedom, democracy, and ending the caste system with more traditional practices of dress and simple ways of life ‘Nonviolent noncooperation’ through disruptive boycotts of British goods, schools, elections, and court system Challenging British monopoly and high taxes on salt by marching to the sea and flagrantly violating the law and inspiring his followers to do the same ‘Quit India’ campaign during World War II that tried to undermine the British war effort and force the British to leave India

All

24. What is the name of the tragic event (and key political turning point for the independence movement) in 1919 during which British troops slaughtered 400 Indians protesting their conditions under British Rule? A_______________ M_________________

Amritsar Massacre

22. Due to a colonized population vulnerable from extreme poverty, lack of health institutions, and governmental neglect, how many died in India due to the flu outbreak after World War I?

18 million

26. T/F. While Gandhi’s cultural politics was extremely successful in its appeal to the mass population of poor Hindu Indians, it was often alienating and frustrating to the members of the Muslim community, the Muslim League, and even other Hindu leaders in the Indian National Congress.

27. What are the two key events of 1930 for India’s independence movement? i. ii.

i. March to the sea ii. India national congress declare independence

29. T/F. As part of its desperate efforts to hold on to India as a colony, the British state tries to make a deal with the Untouchable class but is turned down by its representatives, in large part due to the intervention of Gandhi asking the Untouchables not to collaborate with the British.

28. What angered the Muslim community about what happened when the British provided some local opportunities for representative democracy for Indians through legislative assemblies (this also helped spur support for a separate country for Muslims)?

Hindus dominate the council and benefit the other Hindus. Muslim politically disadvantage

30. T/F. Gandhi’s opposition and the sabotage of military facilities by more extremist groups were a major problem in India during World War II.

32. What British policy made the Bengal Famine of 1943 (a famine in which roughly 3 million Bengalis died) much worse for the local population?

British export of crops back to Britian

31. While India seemed to be slipping away from the British during the war, what event provided renewed and critical levels of support to the Raj to maintain power?

Entry of the US in war

33. The swiftly done, and very violent (15-18 million migrate, 1-3 million die) breaking of colonial India into predominantly Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan is called the P______________.

Partition

1. What were two of the main motivations for India to pursue socialist style development policieis in the decades following independence? i. ii.

i. Want economic independence from the west, British ii. Use the economic for the uplift of people, the poor

2. What two major policy programs were at the core of India’s socialist development? i. ii.

i. Nationalization ii. ISI, import substitution industrialization

3. Indicative of an uneven and ultimately insufficient set of rural reforms, the Indian government effectively addressed the feudal-like arranged of exploitative absentee landlords called the Z______________ S_____________, but struggled to successfully implement a L_______________ C____________ that would have capped and redistributed large holdings in the countryside.

Zamindari system Land ceiling

4. What two events ultimately spelled doom for India’s socialist era? i. ii.

i. Oil crisis ii. Decline support of Soviet Union

5. What are two main features of the Green Revolution? i. ii. iii.

i. High yield seeds ii. High chemical import farming iii. Capital intense agriculture, shifted from labor intensive

6. What is the main claim to success of the Green Revolution?

Increase yields

7. What are two criticisms of the Green Revolution? i. ii.

i. Increase foreign ownership/control of land ii. Health effects of the chemicals used

8. What tragic problem associated with economic and cultural distress plagues India’s rural areas at higher rates than other countries?

High rates of farmer suicide

9. What is the name of India’s package of liberalization reforms beginning in 1991? N___________ E______________ P____________

New economic policy

10. India accepted C__________________ A____________ and L___________ which required it to carry out the S________________ A______________ P____________ demanded by the W________________ C_______________.

Conditional aid and loan Structural adjustment programs Washinton consensus

11. Explain why many analysts emphasize that India, despite being touted as a neoliberal success story for high growth rates following its economic liberalization, is better understood as a ‘mixed’ economy?

Mix of nationalized economic/industries and state dominated firms

12. India is now the ____ largest economy in the world.

5th

13. What two important trends in the Indian economy is Bangalore representative of? i. ii.

i. India high tech sector ii. Emergence of the middle class

14. T/F. Despite incredibly rapid, large-scale urbanization for several decades now, India remains a majority rural country.

15. Give two push and two pull factors for Indian urbanization. Push: i. ii. iii. iv. Pull: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Push: i. Agricultural reform ii. Change of climate iii. Lack of education iv. Lack of health care Pull: i. Better job ii. Social network iii. Better wage iv. Better housing v. Better education

16. (i) What is India’s largest city? (ii) How many cities does it have over 5 million people? (iii) How many cities does it have of over 1 million people? i. ii. iii.

i. Delhi ii. 9 iii. 50

17. T/F. India is expected to double the size of its urban population between now and 2050.

18. Roughly ___% of India’s urban residents live in slum conditions.

50%

19. Which of the following are among the basic features of slum conditions? High densities of low quality housing Physical vulnerabilities due to natural disasters and violence Lack of modern utilities and government services such as electricity, water, sewage, and trash collection Absence of any kind of economic activity

High densities of low quality housing Physical vulnerabilities due to natural disasters and violence Lack of modern utilities and government services such as electricity, water, sewage, and trash collection

20. (i) The economies in slums are mostly I____________ economies. (ii) Provide a definition of them. i. ii.

i. Informal ii. Unregulated income generating activities

21. What are two problems of slum economies for the larger national economy? i. ii. iii.

i. Loss of tax revenue ii. Trapped capital iii. Trapped labor skills

22. While the richest 1% owns ___% of the wealth in India, the poorest 60% owns ___% of the wealth in India.

40%, 5%

23. T/F. Despite the outlawing of caste discrimination, and the existence of programs of ‘positive affirmative action’ to uplift impoverished castes, the persistence of multi-institutional forms of discrimination against Dalits means they still suffer from disproportionate rates of illiteracy, poverty, and early death.

24. (i) What does Dalit mean? And (ii) what term did it replace?

Broken, crashed, oppressed Untouchables

25. Give two reasons why gender equality is good for men and/or for the country as a whole? i. ii.

i. Better emotional and phycological health ii. More economic growth

26. Which of the following is a negative consequence of deforestation? Increases carbon sinks Increases carbon emissions Loss of biodiversity reduces soil quality and forest system services Makes waterways more prone to flooding

Increases carbon emissions Loss of biodiversity reduces soil quality and forest system services Makes waterways more prone to flooding

27. Give two causes of water scarcity in India. i. ii. iii.

i. Massive pollution of water system ii. Agricultural and mining, water intense sector iii. Increase demand for water, increase population

28. (i) ____ of the top 50 cities in the world with the worst air quality are in India, and (ii) _____ million people die of air pollution related health problems each year in the country. i. ii.

i. 40 ii. 1.7

29. Give two causes of India’s air pollution problem. i. ii. iii. iv.

i. High level of coal use ii. Increase number of automobiles iii. Widespread practice of burning waste, agricultural and human iv. Weak regulatory environment

30. Give two problems associated with climate change that are already impacting India and will almost certainly intensify further well into the future. i. ii. iii. iv. v.

i. Increase water scarcity ii. Increase number of heat waves iii. Increase drought iv. More flooding v. Sea level rise

midterm 3 Flashcards

(235 cards)