PSYC 2700 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Adaptation

A

a derived characteristic that spread in response to selection

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2
Q

Types of adaptation

A

ADEG
Ancestoral: does not mean its derived
Drift: mainly effects small populations
Exaptation: unintentional use for an adaptation
Genetic Hitchhikers: changed because selection happened nearby (molecular level)

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3
Q

Animal Behaviour in Psyc today

A

behaviour is variable, selected, adaptable
behaviour like features are adaptable

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4
Q

Behavioural Ecology

A

broad theories to understand behaviour (theory drives questions)
embraced genetics, looks at all behaviours not just social ones
focus on the Function

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5
Q

Charles Darwin contributions

A

unity of life: common ancestor

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6
Q

Comparative Psyc

A

lab based, mechanisms not evolution
“why”
use animals to learn about humans

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7
Q

The Comparative Method

A

comparing species to each other

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8
Q

Ethology and its (partial) decline

A

failed to integrate modern synthesis and population genetics

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9
Q

Ethology

A

why do animals do it (specific, not broad)
darwin biologists. Natural Behaviour in wild animals
Opposite of Comparative psyc

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10
Q

Evolution

A

change in properties of populations over the course of generations

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11
Q

Populations

A

group of potentially interbreeding species
populations evolve, NOT organisms

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12
Q

Good of the species argument

A

what is good for the species is morally right

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13
Q

Natural Selection

A

explains the adaption, survival, and reproduction of an organism
selection produces order and functionality without having any goal
automatic, subtractive process

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14
Q

Proximate and Ultimate

A

Proximate: within life
Ultimate: over generations

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15
Q

Tinbergen’s 4 Causes of Behaviour

A

Development (Ontogeny), Mechanism (Immediate Causation), Function (Adaptive Value), Evolution
- D: learned, coincidental/ kinds of learning, lifespan development
- M: “it feels good” as a motivation reason, nervous signals
- F: why does it/ how does it, benefit/hinder, playing, contact
- E: Ancestor

DMFE

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16
Q

Is-Ought Fallacy

A

science attempts to explain “what is”
what is does not mean thats what it should be
infanticide, slavery, forced copulation

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17
Q

Adaptations VS Exaptations

A

Adaptations are often complex, functional, and seemingly designed
Exaptations are when an adaption has an unintended use

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18
Q

Adaptive Evolution

A

Variation, Hertability, Selection, Reproduction
1. variation is a trait
2. variation is heritable b/n parents and offspring
3. variation needs to cause difference in a population
4. then traits that promote reproduction will increase in a population

VHSR

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19
Q

Analyzing Selection

A

proxies (stand-ins)
comparative methods: comparing species to each other

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20
Q

Artificial Selection

A

we can induce selection: it tells us about variability and heritability
Response to AS: selection can have subtle changes, not always drastic

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21
Q

Belyaev’s silver fox domestication project

A

Selection of 1 attribute had an effect on multiple other things (partly) b/c of development
The experiment produced evidence that genes affecting behavior can also affect morphology.

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22
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

are populations going to remain separate/ distinct?
breeding with group members, NOT out of it; it is a distinctive gene pool

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23
Q

Effects of genes/enviro on phenotype

A

Enviro Effects: Typicals (food, region, etc)
Developmental Noise: molecular variation
- Higher concentration, higher temp, enzyme amt, all things are noise and can cause errors
Epigenetics
Inheritance: genomic imprinting and DNA methylation

DEI

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24
Q

Fitness

A

relative success of one type (genotype or phenotype)

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25
Genetic Drift
does not produce an adaptation, mainly effects smaller populations
26
Genotype
an individual's partial or complete genetic sequence
27
Phenotype
the organism's characteristics
28
Genome
all the genetic information carried by an individual
29
Environment
everything external to the genome
30
Lamarck VS Darwin
Darwin: species diverge from a common ancestor Lamarck: multiple origins of life
31
Linnaeus VS Darwin
Darwin: relatedness is literal. phylogenetic trees Linnaeus: based on physical similarities. God's plan: making his creations in groups
32
Maternal Effects
Turtox and Purina Graph: hormones in the milk | A signalling role in the organisms nature/development
33
Paley's watch on the heath
Someone had to have made the watch, it was made intentionally for a purpose
34
Phylogenetic inference of ancestral states
Using phylogenetic trees to compare behaviours between species and find the behaviours of ancient species
35
Phylogenetic Trees
classifications/taxonomies of evolution
36
Particulate VS Blending Inheritance
Particulate: traits are passed on as discrete units from parents to offspring Blending: traits mix and cannot be separated; they become one and the same
37
Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
biological barriers that occur before the formation of a zygote, preventing mating/fertilization b/n species | sexual signals can also act as a mechnism
38
Natural Selection W/O Evolution
evolution requires heritable variation
39
Evolution W/O Natural Selection
Mutation, Genetic Drift, Immigration/Emigration | MGIE
40
Transformational VS Variational Evolution
Transformational: individuals change and pass acquired traits to their off spring (lamarck) Variational: evolution happens because of preexisting variations w/in a population (darwin)
41
Action Potentials
When a neuron is stimulated an electric charge is conducted along its length
42
Activational VS Organizational Effects of Hormones
Org: irreversible effects - Genetic sex determines development of testes/ova - T production= more differences Act: later in life effects, transient and reversible - puberty
43
Anatomy of the Neuron
dendrites, cell body, axon, bulbs
44
Brain size and Cognitive ability
Large brained birds= better at establishing habits Hard to compare intelligence across species (because what does intelli look like?)
45
Central Nervous System
Spinal cord and brain Medulla: breathing, heart rate Cerebellum: equilibrium, posture, learning motor tasks - Larger in birds, mammals Cerebrum
46
Challenge Hypothesis
proposes that an animal's testosterone levels increase in response to male-male competition and decreases during periods of paternal care
47
Chemoreceptors
Taste or smell Chemical properties of a stimuli interact with surface proteins Different receptors respond to different chemicals Used in communication, recognition, foraging…
48
Blowflies
Blowflies eating: they know when to stop when the ventral nerve is cut
49
Moths
Moths: moths have adapted an can make similar high pitch clicks Moths can hear= has tympanum (eardrum) Probing nerves in moths= tymp is tuned to frequency Strong sound on one side = bat, so moth avoids. If bat is above moth then the sound will be blocked by moths wings Moths only respond to sound, high frequencies, variation in amplitude (not FM)
50
Cognition in Honeybees
Temporal polyethism (division of labour) - Colony can regulate the amount of foragers Juvenile Hormone (JH)= triggers foraging Production of JH is inhibited by ethyl oleate - trophollaxis= passing on ethyl oleate Feedback method
51
Cortical Magnification
Daddy homunculus Sensitivity is influence by neuronal periphery and brain tissues/nerves
52
Donald Griffin (Bat Guy)
Studies cognitive ethology Bats and echolocation Bats send ultrasounds (high pitch clicks)
53
Effects of T on humans, other animals
Animals: stimulates seasonal beh. In some animals (territorial behaviour), long/short term aggression in either sex (female dunnocks are an example) Humans: weak link between T and aggression, spike in T during competition (T is responsive to enviro) - Threat vigilance, motivation/drive, fear reduction, stress resilience - Administered T: women(less empathetic and trusting), men (increase perceived facial dominance, aggression (if low self control) - Consensus: T regulates status-seeking
54
Feedback (Negative and Positive)
Negative: process = product= inhibits the process - Ex. thermostat Positive: process = product = stimulates the process - Ex. Labor (giving birth)
55
Hair Cells
Type of mechanoreceptor Directional Graded response (no action potential)
56
Hearing
In vertebrates: vibrations from enviro transmitted to cochlea, cochlea resonates in sections depending on frequency (stimulating the hair cells) Low freq= low pitch= long wave High freq= high pitch= short wave
57
Hippocampus and Spatial Memory
Hippocampus is part of cerebrum Size correlates with caching in birds lesions= affects formation, retrieval, spatial navigation and learning | FRSL
58
Hormone mediated meternal and sibling effects
Maternal - cort= stress hormone - Mama rat stressed when pregnant= daughter has higher levels of stress (sensitization) - Potentially adaptive maternal affects in canaries (T in eggs, T promotes growth) Sibling - rats= embryo’s exposed to each other’s hormones - Female b/n 2 males: mount more, different genital structure - Male b/n 2 females: more active, less sexual, respond w/ less aggression to T injections in adulthood
59
Hormones and the brain
T binds to specific places in the brain
60
Mechanoreceptors
Deformation/bothered produces behaviour - Hair cells
61
Modulation of hormone activity
Hormone levels in blood, receptor density, hormone conversion by enzyme, chaperones that modify effect - Body will reduce/increase in response to concentration (homeostasis) - T= estradiol in brain by P450 aromatase (enzyme)
62
Neural Command Centres
Mantis: disconnected brain - Hyperactivity, brain suppresses segmental activity - Paralysis - Males try to copulate with no head (adaptation)
63
Neurotransmitters (3 Types)
Glutamate (an amino acid, memory formation) Serotonin (mood) Dopamine (reward, dysfunction in parkinsons) | SGD
64
Sensory Filtering
Most potential stimuli are irrelevant (we are able to focus on sounds)
65
Steroids and Peptide Hormones
Steroids (lipid) hormones pass through the membrane - Testosterone, estrogen - Bind to nuclear receptors and affect transcription - Peptide hormones work faster than steroid hormones
66
Synapses
Tiny gap between neurons and something else - Muscles, other neurons, etc
67
Testosterone
Promotes growth - Costs of T: T drops outside of mating season Immune, energetic, injury, tradeoffs (behaviour, etc) | IEIT
68
Transport and Target Cells
Transport in circulatory system Bind dynamically to receptors (proteins w/ certain charges)
69
Vision in birds, insects and humans
Photoreceptors: photopigments on neurons change shape when exposed to light (AP) - Rhodopsin is the chemical Rods for low light= more sensitive, abundant in nocturnal animals Cones for bright light= 2-4 types, sensitive to different frequencies (waves of light) Fovea= center/focal point for vision Compound eyes: common in anthropods, good for movement - The ommatidia are many parts (ex. dragonfly eyes); they average the image (closer= better resolution)
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