PSYC 2700 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics of Behaviour

A

explains some variation of a behaviour in a population
patterns of a gene expression are mechanisms of behaviour

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2
Q

Development of Behaviour

A

plasticity and constraints

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3
Q

Mendel’s Laws

A

Diploids (two copies)
Meiosis distributes them fairly
Dominant, Recessive, Additive

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4
Q

Genes

A

on chromosomes, often inherited together

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5
Q

Single Gene Effects

A

rare to see major effects of one gene on behavior
Rovers and Sitters: density dependence polymorphism (neg feedback)

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6
Q

Simple Gene Effects

A

pathological
Fragile X (FMR1), Rett Syndrome (MECPZ, x-linked)

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7
Q

Quantitative Traits

A

normally distributed, multiple influences from genes and enviro

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8
Q

To what extent is phenotypic variation genetically based?

A

common garden experiments
cross fostering

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9
Q

Identifying effects on specific genes

A

QTL:
Genetic Engineering:

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10
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Vasopressin
-Insert extra copies to ventral pallidum, caudate putamen in monogomous male prairie voles
- allowed them to spend time with current mate or stranger female
FoxP2 in humans and birds
- RNA interference inhibits expression of target gene
-tutoring experiments on knockdown birds

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11
Q

Epigenesis

A

interactive view of genes and environment
- gene expression drives, and is driven by, behaviour

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12
Q

Polyethism and gene expression

A
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13
Q

Gene expression in the songbird brain

A
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14
Q

Model of Learning in birds

A

sensory input -> gene expression in brain -> altered neurons or connections -> learning
- ZENK expression in area X during practice phase

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15
Q

Hippocampal Gene Expression

A

covaries with spatial memory

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16
Q

Dominance in Astatotilapia

A

rapid expression of immediate early gene egr-1
- transcription factor for neural plasticity
- in regions with high densities of GnRH1 expressing neurons
-crit peptide of reproduction

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17
Q

Developmental Plasticity

A

the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes according to the environment in which an individual develops

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18
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

the capacity to produce different phenotypes according to variation in the environment
- adaptive or non-adaptive

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19
Q

Norms of reaction (Dev Plasticity)

A

developmental plasticity can vary by phenotype

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20
Q

Adaptive plasticity (Daphnia ex)

A

helmets protect against predators
chemical cues of predators stimulate helmet development

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21
Q

Plasticity and puberty

A

Young female mice exposed to urine during sensitive period
- 2-11 days old= no effect
- 12-21 days old= accelerated puberty

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22
Q

Non-Adaptive Plasticity (wasps)

A

wasps raised in lower temperatures learned to avoid parastized eggs more slowly
-constraints over adaptation

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23
Q

Discrete Adaptive Plasticity (tiger salamanders)

A

enviro polyphenism -> developmental switch
tiger salamanders can be omnivore and cannibal types
- high density pop
- closely related (kinship) (high)= less likely to be cannibals

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24
Q

Sexual Polyphenism (beatles)

A

dung beatle weapons-> tradeoffs
- male = small antenna, big horn, regular relationship
- feamle = no tradeoffs

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25
Developmental Instability
fluctuating asymmetry can be induced by stress during development - we have a preference for symmetry - male symmetry: predicts reproductive succes in swallows - female copulatory orgasm in humans
26
Lack of Plasticity
developmental homeostasis-> canalization
27
Ontogentic Niches
going outside niche is when things go to shit - broad concept
28
Harlow Monkey Deprivation
testing the ontogenetic niche of social interaction and developement - wire monkey with food and clothe monkey with warmth
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Hongerwinter
Famine in Holland -Graph: x= dates, y= intelli tests, split manual and non manual jobs - didnt see dip in malnutrition in women were not respected for drop
30
Learning
relatively permanent change in behaviour because of experience (behavioural plsaticity)
31
Means of Adaptation
genetic: change mediates phenotypic change epigenetic: kinda lamarck-esque individual: not heritable cultural: heritable in a sense niche construction: change enviro to fit us
32
Habituation
response to a stimulus lowers over repeated presentation - observational studies (need habituation), in conservation (dont want them to be habituated), experimental conditions (habituate to experimental enviro)
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Habituation in Invertebrates
widespread ex. contraction response in vorticella
34
The Habituation-Dishabituation Paradigm
Goal: does an animal percieve 2 stimulus as different 1. Habituate animal to stimulus A 2. expose it to stimulus B 3. did animal change its response? Ex. effects on neuropeptide S on olfcation in mice
35
Molecular Habituation
zebra finches - zenk spikes w/ music /no music
36
sensitization
response to a stimulus increases over repeated presentations
37
Classical Conditioning
pavlov dog. NS= bell US= meat UCR= Salivation NS-CS= bell UVR- CR= salivation
38
Operant conditioning
Associate behavior with neg/pos consequences - trial and error learning -stimulus= behaviour choice= reinforcement or punishment - reinforcement: event following a response increases associating and probability of it repeating -punishment: decreases the association and the probability
39
Colour Blind Monkeys
test sensory and cognitive processes -active avoidance learning: shuttleboxes - passive avoidance learning: natural responses=punishment
40
Clicker Training
associate click with reward (classical) associate behaviour with click (operant)
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latent learning
association without immediate reinforcement -Beewolves and landmarks around their home
42
Insight learning
transferring prior knowledge to perform a task - crate stacking chimps - tool making in new caledonian crows
43
Hebbian Theory
repeated persistent stimulation of a post-synaptic cell increases efficiency -cell assemblies
44
Marler's learning instinct
Adaptation to learn specific things - bird song, human langauge - perceptual and cognitive mechanisms replaces instinctual vs learned with continuum from evolved to acquired
45
Foraging and learning
food caching trap-lining in nectarivorous birds social learning in rats (carboon disulfide) - rats are generalists; have to be discrimminating (maternal effect is connected), they smell each others breaths to determine if food is good to eat (b/c of combination of food and carbon disulfide)
46
Learning and predation
territory familiarity predation in deer mice - explore habitat= better survival
47
learning and reproduction
sexual imprinting - mate choice copying (mainly females) in sailfin mollies - if a female likes a male then other females will like him more -learning to parent in rhesus monkeys: more experienced mothers have offspring with higher survival rate -female choice generalizations: like mates with fake headfeathers more saw clip on TV
48
Learning and individual recognition
altering wasp facial decorations increases aggression - individual facial features matter
49
social learning
generates culture, faster then trial and error (capitalizes on others' experience) - acquired responses can potentially persist over generations
50
mechanisms of social learning
contagion, local stim enhancement, emulation, imitation
51
Contagion (response facilitation)
existing behaviour facilitated when others do it - no understanding necessary - could support additional learning (conditioning to escape with stimulus)
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Local stimulus enhancement
social model draws attention but novel behaviour learned by trial and error - requires some attention to others
53
emulation
goal/outcomes is modelled but performance varies and is acquired through trial and error - requires attention to others and understanding of goal
54
imitation
novel behaviour is replicated in detail by observer - requires focused attention on details of behaviour
55
teaching
novel behaviour demonstrated with goal that observer learns - teacher must understand observers ignorance
56
Identifying Teaching
- A modifies beh in presence of B - A recieves no cost of benefit - A's beh results in B having the knowledge/skills more rapidly than it would have in A's absence
57
transmission across gen's
Horizontal: within generation Vertical: across generations - successive gen's must interact to produce culture
58
costs and benefits of learning
Costs: time, brain size, mistakes Benefits: behavioral flexibility within lifetime
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adaptive predispositions to learn
taste an smell pronounce Garcia Effect (conditioned aversion) - insect bats learn to associate food with delayed nausea (vampire bats dont)
60
learning vocal sequences
white crown sparrows - learn AB, BC, CD - can sing ABCD
61
notes on culture
Non-genetic transmittable info does not produce culture - Epigenetic inheritance - Parental Effects - Territorial Inheritance - Niche construction
62
cultural transmission vs parental effects
learning implies cognition cultural traits can be transmitted horizontally and obliquely
63
bird songs and culture
geographic variation in bird songs - true dialects the three criteria - learning - across gen's - lasting modifications arguably the strongest example of culture in nonhumans
64
population memetics
A meme is 'that which is copied' - individuals acquire memes (learn) and transmit them (culture) - mutate rapidly, non-randomly Horizontal transmission homogenizes groups - increases differences between groups - can lead to group level selection - dominance of cooperative memes can be enforced by moralistic aggression
65
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Sex: syngamy Multiple Sexes: anisgogamy No Sexes: isogamous
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Dioecious VS Hermaphroditic
Dioecious: individuals are one or the other (male or female) Hermaphroditic: individual is both (male/female)
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Outcrossing and Selfling
Outcrossing: sex with other individuals Selfling: fertilize self (mainly plants)
68
Asexual Reproduction
Vegetative propogation: cindarians Parthogenesis: whiptail lizards
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Sex is costly
- breaks up successful gene combinations - half the descendents: males dont make babies - STDs, Courtships, and other hassles
70
Benefits of Sex
- shuffles genetic deck - allows lineages to adjust to unpredictable variability in the environment (abiotic and biotic)
71
The Sex Ratio
- usually 1:1 at birth rare sex advantage) - skewed when mate competition is highly localized - mating skew based on male quality
72
Hermaphroditism
- no true herms in tetrapods, but intersex variation increasing due to endocrine disrupting chemicals - Simultaneous: earthworms, gastropods, hamelt fish; self fertilization is common in some species - Sequential: teleosts, usually a one way ticket
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Consequences of Anisogamy
-Parental investment - variance in fitness - location of embryo and potential to abandon
74
Sexual Selection
Access to gametes of the opposite sex -responsible for many secondary sexual characteristics
75
Why males usually compete
male mating success correlates with reproductive success - Bateman Gradient: Empirical, steeper positive relationship between offspring for makes compared to females - male biased operational sex ratio: Ready to reproduce instantly (unlike females)
76
Selection for aggressive and sexy males, choosy females
Female Care: pattern is exasperated , more choosy females and aggressive males Male Care: pattern is reduced, less difference between female and males
77
reproductive variance
some individual reproduce more because of their ability to access gametes - male blower birds: more variants= more sexual selection (more mates variance)
78
kinds of sexual selection
Intrasexual selection: Exploitation competition (locomotion and mate seeking), Interference competition (armaments, size, mate guarding, alternative tactics), Sperm Competition Intersexual selection: mate choice (ornamentation, alternative tactics)
79
Intra sexual selection
mates compete for access to relatively passive females strongest when males can monopoloize access to many females
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Inter sexual selection
81
adaptation and male-male competition
Evolutionary Arms Race (feedback loop) - directional selection for male sice, armaments (deer sheep elephant seals) - decrease in males means viability - male investment is proportional to number of defended females
82
mate guarding
in seychelles warbler (bird): some males last onto females - amplexus in anurans (clasp/embrace during reproduction) Dragonflies do this - Copulatory Plugs (rodents, whole body mating plug in some spiders)
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alternative mating tactics
84
paracercis sculpta
NOT adaptive plasticity -heritable, equal fitness, density dependent alternative strategies
85
sperm competition
competition within female genital tract -many sperm, and frequent copulation - sperm scrubbing (dunnocks, dragonflies) -fast sperm are cooperative sperm
86
mate choice
females choose certain kinds of males -dimorphism (represented in two forms) - ornaments
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Why be choosy?
it is costly
88
Sensory bias
preference comes before the traits -
89
Fisher's runaway model
genetic correlations increase over generations - if an ancestor has a preference you will too
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Direct benefits of being choosy
males increase females survival or reproduction in exchange for sex
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Indirect benefits of being choosy
many species give females nothing but sperm - females are highly choosy and males are highly ornamented
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good genes models
choosy females get high quality offspring there are also condition dependent indicators - impossible for poor quality males to produce
93
Zahavi's handicap principle
signal honesty (connects back to good genes model)
94
constraints
an alternative to costly signals performance (behaviour, physiology) -female preference for high performance
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cryptic female choice
occurs within a body, sperm selection, copulatory courtship
96
genetic compatibility
heterozygosity masks deleterious recessive MHC Evidence - interbreeding avoidance - female preference for genetically dissimilar males - consequences of forced pairing
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sexual conflict
98
PSYC 2700
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