1
Q
What makes up personality
A
-descriptive characteristic
-motives and goals
-values
-emotional tendencies
-memories/life stories
2
Q
origin of the word personality
A
persona - greek word for mask
3
Q
what can we use personality for
A
-evaluation of people
-describing people to others
-to demonstrate continuity
4
Q
defining personality
A
thoughts
feelings
behvior
5
Q
scientific definition of personality
A
Consistent and enduring patterns of:
– thoughts, feelings, and behaviors…
– that influence a person’s interactions with,
and adaptations to, the environment
6
Q
what is the ultimate goal of personality psyc
A
understanding and explaining
behavior
7
Q
3 levels which personality theories seek to explain
A
- human nature (like everyone)
-group level (like some)
-individual level (Like no others)
8
Q
descriptive methods for studying personality
A
self report
observer report
test data
life history data
9
Q
Ten-Item Personality Inventory-(TIPI)
A
type of self report
you write a number of how much you agree with a statement
gives you your CANEO rating
9
Q
self report
A
Asking people questions
about their beliefs and
behaviors
10
Q
what does CANEO stand for
A
contientuousnes
agreeableness
neuroticism
extraversion
openess to new experience
11
Q
self report advantage
A
- easy to give to large groups
-Allows study of difficult-to-observe behaviors, thoughts and feelings
12
Q
self report disadvanateg
A
-Respondents may not be representative
(convenience sampling is tempting)
-Responses may be biased or untruthful
13
Q
observer report
A
Observing
behavior of
others
14
Q
observer report advtange
A
-Capture spontaneous behaviors
– Avoid bias of self-reports
15
Q
observer report disadvantage
A
– Researcher interference
* How naturalistic (vs. artificial) is the observation?
– Rarity of some behaviors
* Research on criminality
– Observer bias & selective attention
– Time consuming
16
Q
test data
A
Assessing an individual’s
abilities, cognitions, motivations,
or behaviors, by observing their
performance in a test situation
17
Q
what is critical before using test data
A
setting a meaning to the scores before you use the data
18
Q
kinds of test data
A
- questuionarre tests
-expairmental tests
-physiological
19
Q
test data advantage
A
Allows measurement of characteristics
not easily observable, or known to the
participant
20
Q
test data disadvantaeg
A
Must infer that the test measures what
you think it measures
21
Q
case studies
A
Intensive examination of a single
person or group
22
Q
case study advantage
A
– Rich source of hypotheses
– Allows for studies of rare behaviors
23
Q
case study disadvantage
A
– Observer bias
– Difficult to generalize (N = 1)
– Difficult to reconstruct causes from complexity
of past events
24
reliability
- are you hitting the sam spot on the bullseye
25
ways to measure reliability
- test retest
-internal consistency
-inter rater reliability
26
validity
are you hitting the middle of the bulls eye
27
measuring validity
face validity
predictive validity
convergent validity
construct validity
28
questionable research practices
Using small samples,
collecting additional dependent variables,
peeking at data,
dropping an experimental condition
29
what is power general set at and what does it mean
80%
means there’s an 80% chance of
finding an effect that exists
30
talking cure
Breuer made it ti cure hysteria
step 1- hypnotize or allow for free association
step 2 talk to reveal psychological anxiety
step 3 patient has catharsis
step 4 symptoms gone
31
4 basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theory
1. Psychological Determinism
2. Importance of the Unconscious
3. Defense Mechanisms
4. Importance of early childhood
experiences
32
Psychological Determinism:
Basic Instincts
2 basic motivators
- life ( self preservation and sex)
- death (aggression distruction)
33
Importance of Unconscious
concerned with the 3 levels of consciousness
34
Levels of Consciousness
– Pre-Conscious – easily retrieved, but not currently on one’s mind
– Consciousness
* What you’re thinking about RIGHT NOW
– Unconscious
* Repressed contents of the mind
35
carl jungs unconscious
* Personal Unconscious
– The Freudian Unconscious
* Collective Unconscious
– Contents of unconscious shared by all humanity, passed down from ancestors
36
struture of personality
ego
superego
id
37
ego
Develops around 2
Works on reality principle
Secondary process thinking (logical)
* Logical thinking of how to get what they want
38
superego
Develops at age 5
Internalized values and morals in society
Guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride
Can’t have those until there’s a sense of what other people want
Not bound by reality
* Sets higher standards what will happen if I do this thing
39
ID
Largest and hidden part of the mind
Part of mind that exists in infancy (babies only have this)
All drives and urges
Motivated by pleasure principle
* Immediate gratification
Primary processes thinking (illogical)
Speaks to you in your dreams
40
Defence mechanism (7)
repression
denial
rationalization
displacement
reaction formation
projection
sublimation
41
repression
traumatic memories pushed out of awareness to avoid anxiety
42
denial
o Convince yourself that the negative event either didn’t happen or wasn’t as bad as you want
43
rationalization
logical reasons for
outcomes that otherwise would not be acceptable
44
displacement
Threatening impulse or desire is redirected onto
another target
* “Taking it out on someone else”
45
reaction formation
o To stifle an unacceptable impulse you do the exact opposite
When closeted gay people are homophobic
46
projection
o See your own unacceptable qualities in someone else and then dislike them for it
47
sublimination
o Convert the unacceptable desire to an acceptable behavior
Feel aggressive so you watch a hockey game where people fight
48
things frued did in psych field
o Came up with talking cure
o Helped us understand the mind body connection
o Idea that psychological issues may influence or affect us even when we aren’t aware of it
o Case study method
49
what did freud contribute to psychology and personality research
- talking cure
- mind body connection
- psychic issues may influence behavior even when we arent aware (unconscious)
- case study method
50
parts of frauds work we do want to keep
-unconscious influence
- behavior reflects conflict between desire and social norms
- childhood influences
- the unconscious
51
parts of freuds work we dont want to keep
- unconscious being all about sex
- psychosexual stages
52
what do we know about repressed memories
- difficult to prove if its true or not
- It is possible to implant at least mundane events
- uncovering repressed memories has improved mental health benefits
53
2 views of the unconscious
motivated
cognitive
54
motivated unconscious
we bury hidden needs and desires in the unconscious
55
cognitive unconscious
we perceive so much that we move things to our unconscious to work efficiently
56
which unconscious is priming apart of
cognitive unconscious
57
extent of primings influence + evidence
priming can influence thoughts but not behvior
eg. Lipton tea study
58
2 ways eriksons development is different from freuds
- eriksons covered full lifespan
- eriksons allowed for development during latency and adulthood
59
2 ways eriksons development model is similar to freuds
- each stage is marked by conflict
- failure to resolve conflict leads to fixation or crisi
60
narcissistic paradox
: People who seem to think they’re great may feel insecure underneath
61
which defense mechanism does narcissism fit into
reaction formation
62
2 levels of narcissism
clinical
normal range
63
2 kinds of narcissism
grandiose
fragile
64
what causes narcissism
- parents over-idealize and then shame when child doesnt meet expectations
- narcissistic wound (one event that humiliated them)
65
how to measure narcissism in self reports
much give them a 2 choice option
pains narcissist to chose the less self endorsing one
66
what does Harlows monkey study provide evidence for and how
that early bonds with parents influence Childs personality
monkeys became anxious, insecure, abnormal sexuality
67
3 responses in Ainsworth strange situation procudure
1. Continue exploration, play, happy to see mother upon return
2. Unfazed when mother left, and avoidant upon return
3. Very anxious throughout procedure, clingy and angry upon return
68
3 attachment styles according to aisnwortyh
Secure, Avoidant, Anxious-Ambivalent
69
what 3 things does the "strange situation predict"
- mothers behavior toward child
-internal working model for later relationships
- adult attachment styles
70
3 attachment styles as adults outlined by Hazan and Shaver (1987)
– Secure relationship style
– Avoidant relationship style
– Anxious-Ambivalent (Preoccupied) relationship style
71
ways attachment style changes over life span
- anxious attachment common in young adulthood then declines
-avoident is stable with some decline
- Being in a relationship led to greater secure attachment over time
72
what did Murray think was behind motive
need
– Psychological force that guides behavior
– Compulsion to reduce state of tension
73
3 motive theorists
Murray, McClelland, McAdams
74
what is press
how the enviornment activates a need according to murray
75
what does press trigger
apperception
– Process through which we perceive the
environment
– Influenced by needs
76
McClelland theory
we have implicit and self attributed (explicit motives)
77
what are the functions of implicit and self attributed motives
implicit - long term outcomes
explicit - shorter term behaviours and attitudes
78
what were the 3 big motives according to McClelland
achievement
power
affiliation
79
what does the humanistic approach focus on
- CONSCIOUS thought, feelings, goals and motive
80
what was Abraham maslow theory based on
-his clinical practices
-the innate desires humans have to self-actualize, and belong
81
maslows hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)
-physiological needs
- safety needs
- belogingness and love needs
-esteem needs
- need for self actualization
82
physiological needs
-lowest on maslows hierarchy
- need for food, water, air, sex, sleep
- the function of civilization is to have society satisfy these needs
83
safety needs
-shelter, security, freedom
- idea behind this is order, structure, predictability
84
belongingness and love needs
-need for affiliation, intimate relationships, relatedness
- need to both recieve and give love
85
esteem needs
- need to be held in high regard by self and others
-comes from a feeling of competence
86
self actualization
-enriched experience
- requires full self exploration and action
-this is where you become a fully functioning person
87
what is self actualization like
- self acceptance
- solitude
- peak experience
- creativity
88
what are peak experiences
-time and place transcend
- unity with self and universe
- common for psychologically healthy people
89
Is it possible to self-actualize while also meeting needs for esteem and belongingness?
yes
90
2 problems with maslows hierarchy
- aspirational but not normative
- inconsistent with scientific understanding of human nature
91
how is maslows hierarchy inconsistent with scientific understanding of human nature
-If the purpose of creativity is self-fulfillment, how does that help the species survive?
-According to evolutionary theory, creativity is a lower level means to more ultimate reproductive end
92
what changed with the modern view of maslows hierarchy
bottom 4 stayed the same (physiological, safety, affiliation, self esteem)
- new top 3 (mate acquisition, mate retention, parenting)
93
3 reasons modern hierarchy was controversial
- self actualization was appealing to the public and had now been "dethroned"
- anger from the childless
- anger from the humanities (emphasizing reproduction over arts)
94
what did carl rogers think
-people are intrinsically good
-people can develop their innate goodness if society helps
95
how did carl rogers think you could self actualize
by becoming "fully functioning" through client centered therapy
96
client centered therapy
carl rogers idea
- therapist is accepting an empathetic
- should unconditional postive regard for client
97
3 definitions of self awareness
self consciousness
self concept
self esteem
98
William James
developed the duality of self
99
what is the duality of self
the me as the object
the I as the perceiver
100
self - consciousness
the I
101
self concept
the me
102
self esteem
evaluation of one self
103
6 ways people describe themselves with I statements
* Personal characteristics – funny
* Ascribed identity – age
* Social and group identity – student
* Interest – painter
* Material possessions – a ___ owner
* Abstract/ existential– I am me
104
3 ways we know if a child has sense of self
linguistics markers
cognitive behavioural markers
emotional markers
105
child linguistic markers of sense if self
- saying I, me, Mine'
- nonverbal - recognition of accomplishment
106
cognitive markers of a Childs sense of self
- imitation and role taking
- mirror self recognition (rouge test)
107
emotional markers if a Childs sense of self
- self conscious emotions (shame, guilt)
- ability to evaluate self
-empathy
108
where did Charles Cooley say our self concept came from
it was socially constructed through life long experience with others
- looking glass self
109
is it adaptive to have multiple selves
no
*Lower well-being and self-esteem both during university years and 20 years later
110
2 parts of self evaluation
affective component - feeling about liking ones self
cognitive component - thoughts about ones competencies or abilities
111
how do we measure self esteem
-self scale reports
-discrepancy between rating of actual self and ideal self
-observer report
-pictorial measures
112
largest drop in an undergrads self esteem
after first semester year one (very temporarily low)
113
according to the cross-sectional internet study over lifespan when is self esteem the highest
9-12
114
according to the cross-sectional internet study over lifespan when is self esteem the lowest
71-90
PSYC 305
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
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