1
Q
positive illusions as harmful
A
- “Threatened egotism”: Inflated pride is easily wounded
- Media reports suggest that adolescent killers felt humiliated by peers
- Shame-rage spiral
2
Q
positive illusions in undergrads
A
- became less happy over the course of college
- more likely to disengaged in school
- more likely to drop out
3
Q
positive illusions in high school
A
- overconfidence in school led to higher self-esteem
-overconfidence in sport led to increased popularity
4
Q
positive illusions short vs long term
A
short - better psychological wellbeing
long - Decreasing levels of well-being and self-esteem
5
Q
trait
A
Almost any adjective (or sometimes a noun) that describes the way some people are and others are not
6
Q
5 key elements of traits
A
- personal (not external)
-consistent across situations
-stable across time
-a universal dimension - descriptive
7
Q
what tells us which traits are important
A
lexical approach
If a trait is important, people everywhere will have a word for it
8
Q
what happened for psych in 1968
A
rise in social psych and decline in personality psych
9
Q
what were the 2 big rises in social psych in 68
A
Lewin’s Interactionism
Festinger’s Situationism
10
Q
Situationism
A
- social psych
Emphasis on the power of the situation to shape people’s behavior
11
Q
Mischel’s Critique on personality psych
A
Personality does not predict behavior
Knowing a person’s level on a particular trait does not allow you to predict their behavior on any specific occasion
12
Q
how did personality psych respond to mischels critique (4 ways)
A
- Personality traits predict behavior, but over the long-term
- Broad traits predict broad behaviors, narrow traits predict narrow behaviors
3.People may differ in how they behave across situations, but are consistent relative to other people
- Personality traits are stable over long periods of time
13
Q
when should we use situational characteristics
A
when situation is strong—with a high level of constraint
14
Q
when should we use personality traits
A
when situation is weak—with a low level of constraint
15
Q
3 major traits of Eysenck
A
P- psychoticism
E - Extraversion
N - neuroticism
16
Q
what did Hans Eysenck say in his theoretical approach of trait taxonomies
A
Personality taxonomy should be rooted in biology
17
Q
Circumplex Taxonomies: Eysenck’s “Big
Two” dimensions
A
high/low extroversion
stable/unstable emotions
18
Q
Circumplex Taxonomies: Eysenck’s “Big
Two” - melancholic
A
High neuroticism
low extraversion
19
Q
Circumplex Taxonomies: Eysenck’s “Big
Two” - Sanguine
A
Low neuroticism
high extraversion
20
Q
Problems with PEN
A
- other studies have found more than 3 factors
21
Q
Five factor model
A
Openness: curious and unconventional
⬜ Conscientiousness: orderly and disciplined
⬜ Extraversion: exuberant and sociable
⬜ Agreeableness: caring and considerate
⬜ Neuroticism: emotional and anxious
22
Q
FFM: Strong Empirical Support
A
- cross culture
- genetic link
- cross species
23
Q
whats missing from FFM
A
- religiosity
- honesty
24
Q
Plaster hypothesis:
A
personality traits become
stable by age 30
25
Contextualist perspective
personality emerges
from multiple sources; person-environment
interactions
26
extraversion over time
Starts off high in
childhood, but
gradually
decreases and
stabilizes over
time.
27
agreeableness over time
Declines in
adolescence but
rapidly increases
from young
adulthood
onwards
especially
adaptive past age
3
28
conscientiousness over time
rapidly increases
from young
adulthood
29
neuroticism
Generally
decreases over
time from young
adulthood
30
Openness to Experience
Shows modest
increase over time
from adolescence,
flatlines in middle
adulthood
31
3 basic assumptions of biological perspective of personality
1. they reflect physiological differences between people
2. they are largely genetically determined
3. rooted in our evolutionary history
32
phrenology - modern view
- its in the brain, not shape of head
- not as specific anymore
33
galens 4 humors theory
Believed personality was a reflection of the four humors
(fluids) that (he thought) make up our bodies.
34
4 fluids
yellow bile
black bile
phlegm
blood
35
yellow bile- 4 humors
bad temper, irritability (Choleric)
36
black bile - 4 Humors
gloomy, pessimistic (Melancholic)
37
phlegm - 4 humors
sluggish, non-excitable (Phlegmatic)
38
blood - 4 humors
cheerful, passionate (Sanguine)
39
modern approach to Galens 4 humors
It’s neurotransmitters and hormones,
not fluids
40
genotype
genetic potentialities
41
phenotype
manifested characteristics
42
heritability
is the extent to which
individual differences in a trait, within a
group of people, are due to differences
in genes
43
3 methodologies of behavioural genetics
1. Twin studies (traits in MZ vs. DZ)
2. adoption studies (compare between parents and bio vs adopted child)
3. MZ twins raised apart (best design)
44
twin study methodological issue (2)
1.Math requires that DZ and MZ twins, and
adoptive kids and bio kids, have same
amount of shared environment
2.Is amount of shared environment really the same for
DZ vs. MZ twins?
45
adoption study methodological problem (2)
Representativeness
– Selective placemen
46
what traits are most heritable
neuroticism
imagination
agression
47
Eysenck’ ’s Theory of Personality
Extraversion and introversion represent
different levels of physiological arousal
48
Eysenck’ ’s Theory of Personality - extraverts
Below optimal level (under-
aroused)
– Seek out social interactions for stimulation
49
Eysenck’ ’s Theory of Personality - introverts
Above optimal level (over-
aroused)
– Avoid excessive stimulation
50
Eysenck’ ’s Theory: Evidence (4)
1.Introverts prefer and perform better in quiet
environments
2.Extraverts set volume higher than introverts
3.Introverts may be morning people and
extraverts night people
4. Recreational drug use (extraverts- stimulants, introverts-sedativies)
51
Jeffrey Gray BIS AND BAS THEORY
Reinforcement Sensitivity
– Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
* Sensitivity to reward
– Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
* Sensitivity to punishment
52
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
Individual differences in sensitivity to reward
-on switch
53
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
Individual differences in sensitivity to novelty and punishment
- off switch
54
dopamine
- Linked to Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
-Genetic Basis for Sensation Seeking
55
SEROTONIN
Negatively Related to Behavioral Inhibition
System (BIS)
(High Serotonin = Low BIS)
56
testosterone
Linked to aggression (Eysenk’s Psychoticism)
57
Maturity principle
People tend to increase on traits that
promote optimal behavior in adult social roles, and
decrease on less socially desirable traits
58
genetic determination
idea that a trait, behavior, or characteristic is caused primarily—or entirely—by genes. no enviornement (eg. Huntingtons disease)
59
Gene- environment interaction
idea that the effect of genes on a trait depends on the environment — and the effect of the environment depends on a person’s genes. - gene and enviornement work together (eg. sometimes height)
60
genotype-
environment correlation
Genes don’t just affect traits — they also affect exposure to environments.
61
3 types of genotype-
environment correlation
passive active reactive
62
passive genotype-
environment correlation
- EG - Language
- Parents provide both genes and environment to their children, so the two are correlated.
- Child doesn't create this connection
63
reactive genotype-
environment correlation
A person’s genetically influenced traits evoke responses from others.
The environment reacts to the individual.
eg.A temperamentally irritable child may receive harsher discipline.
64
active genotype-
environment correlation
Individuals seek out or create environments that match their genetic tendencies
e. genetically athletic child seeks out sports teams
65
Shared environment and personality
Shared environment has little influence on personality
66
67
6 universal emotions - ekman
anger
disgust
fear
happiness
sadness
surprise
68
evolutionary adaption for fear
*Saves person being attacked
*Also saves attacker resources being expended
69
evolutionary adaption for happy
*Useful to send message that you’re happy, friendly
70
evolutionary adaption for sad
Way of saying you need help, support
71
evolutionary adaption for disgust
Signals that something that is not safe to eat
72
evolutionary adaption for anger
That they’re going to attack
73
evolutionary adaption for surprise
Signally something new or unexpected
74
why would pride be adaptive
Occurs after success, so may
communicate success to others
75
jealousy in men and why
sexual jealousy
bc
Men fertilize externally Need to make sure they invest in their children
76
jealousy in women and why
emotional jealousy
Women fertilize internally
Need to find a mate who will provide resources
during the pregnancy and after
77
two types of behaviourism
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
78
steps of social learninf
1- observe behaviours of others being rewarded
2- use your mind to connect the two
3- decide to behave similarly
79
observational leaning
Acquire a behavior by watching someone else doit and observing the consequences
80
3 real life examples of social learning discussed in class
altruism in children
video games and violence
shaming prison sentences
81
3 things watching some behavior models for you
Expectancies / Incentives / deterrents
82
evidence of altruism as innate
cross species evidence
babies show this at 3 months
83
evidence of altruism as social learning
babies could have seen
- parents helping (observational learning)
- older sibling help (vicarious reinforcement)
84
3 negative things expose to violent media creates
- increases aggressive behavior thoughts and feelings
- increases physiological arousal
- decreases prosocial behavior
85
how does classical conditions increase aggression through violent media
Video games are fun to play, pleasurable feelings
associated with violence
86
how does operant conditioning increase aggression through violent media
Video game player is directly rewarded for being violent
(e.g., accumulate points)
87
how does observational learning increase aggression through violent media
“Role models” (e.g., movie stars) rewarded for
violence
88
does gratuitous, realistic violence give aggressive effects
yes
89
do old western films produce aggressive outcomes
no bc theyre minimally violent
90
do horror movies produce aggressive outcomes
no - violence seems fake
91
2 ways shaming prison sentences may deter crime
observational learning - observe someone else
punished for antisocial act
expectancies of punishment
92
how can shaming sentence not work
can actually
backfire and cause more crime
* Shaming offenders will only make them feel
bad about themselves, which may increase the
likelihood that they will commit further crimes
93
problem with shame in shaming sentences
-motives avoidance
-leads to blaming other and aggression
- more adaptive to feel guilt in response to failure
94
mental representations
filters or lens
through which we experience reality
Personal constructs, schemas, scripts
95
Personal construct theory
Overarching perceptions shape
interpretation of reality shape personality
, you can
change who you are by changing the
way you see the world
96
external locus of control
Belief that fate, luck, or
outside forces are responsible what
happens
97
internal locus of control
Belief that one’
s own
ability, effort, or actions determine what
happens
98
3 positive findings of people with internal locus
– Increased academic performance
– More effective health-prevention behaviors
– Social/political activism
99
which locus of control is associated with learned helplessness
external
100
3 negative associations with internal locus of control
– People who accept this may cope better
with death, disease, etc.
– Survivor guilt
– Maybe addiction
101
2 kinds of locus
internal
external
102
2 kinds of stability
stable
unstable
103
stable (stability)
this will always happen forever - fatalism
104
unstable (stability)
it will go away
105
2 kinds of globality
global
specfic
106
global (globalty)
its about everything - catastrophizing
107
specific (globally)
it only effects this domain
108
pessimistic explanatory style
Internal, stable, global
109
goal of cogntive therapy (5)
- recognize thoughts affect feelings and behaviour
- try to change negative schema
- try to change explanatory style
- interpret failure as an opportunity to leant
- talk you self differently before during and after stress
110
what is am emotion
Discrete, momentary experience in a
specific situation
111
5 parts of an emotion
* Feelings
* Thoughts/Cognition
* Physiology
* Brain activation
* Nonverbal Expression
112
emotional process
1- event
2- cognitive appraisl of event
3- emotional experience (physiological feeling)
4- emotional expression (behaviour)
113
what can change emotional process
emotional regulation
114
what traits predict happiness
extraversion and neuroticism
115
does A) affect a person’s emotional responses to a
situation, or
B) determine which situations a person engages
in?
There is evidence for first path
116
eudamonia
Authentic happiness is
based on living a life filled with purpose
and meaning
- better for life satisfaction
117
hedonism
Do what feels good
sum of pleasant moments
- better for daily satisfaction
PSYC 305
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
