Psyc 280 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

laterality

A

idea that a function is mediated primarily by one hemisphere

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2
Q

Corpus callosum

A

large band of fibers that connect both hemispheres

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3
Q

anterior commissure

A

smaller band of fibers that is in the anterior part of the brain

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4
Q

homotopic connection

A

each side connects to the corresponding sections of the two hemispheres
(M1 from left hemi to M1 in right hemi)

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5
Q

Why is the simultaneous drawing task hard?

A

it causes both hemispheres to act at the same time and causes interference

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6
Q

how is laterality different from localization of function

A

laterality - one hemisphere
localization - specific brain area

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7
Q

how is the sylvian fissure assymetrical?

A

it has a different slope in either hemisphere (steepness)

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8
Q

Key asymmetries in the brain hemispheres

A

Right: larger, heavier, wider frontal lobe
Left: thicker cortex, more gray area matter, wider occipital lobe

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9
Q

which areas are in the temporal lobe for auditory processing

A

planum temporale and heschl’s gyrus

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10
Q

why can split brain patients perform the simultaneous drawing task?

A

their CC’s are severed so there is no interference

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11
Q

What is a commissurotomy?

A

surgical cutting of the corpus callosum used for epilepsy treatment

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12
Q

what is a tachistoscope used for?

A

to present stimuli to one visual field to isolate hemispheres

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13
Q

what happens if an object is shown to the right visual field (why is it faster than being presented to the left field?)

A

it goes to the left hemisphere and can be verbally reported quicker since it is already in the language hemisphere

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14
Q

Can the right hemisphere communicate?

A

Nonverbally (through actions)

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15
Q

confabulation

A

making up an explanation to fill gaps of knowledge (not intentional or for bad purposes)

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16
Q

what happens with compound words in split-brain patients

A

different hemispheres - draw seperate parts
same hemisphere - draw full concept

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17
Q

what do chimeric facs show?

A

right hemispheres specialize in facial recognition

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18
Q

conclusion about hemisphere responsibilities

A

left: language
right: recognition (faces/emotions) and music

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19
Q

what structural asymmetry exists in auditory cortex?

A

planum temporale is bigger in left hemisphere

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20
Q

what is the right ear advantage?

A

info goes straight to left hemisphere (language is interpreted quicker for verbal report)

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21
Q

dichotic listening task

A

different auditory stimulus is presented to each ear simultaneously

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22
Q

Wada test

A

temporary anesthesia of one hemisphere to test functions

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23
Q

where is language usually located?

A

left hemisphere (especially for right-handed people)

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24
Q

other right hemisphere functions

A

music perception, spatial recognition, facial recognition

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25
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
26
which brain area is involved in facial recognition
fusiform gyrus
27
hemispatial neglect
ignoring one side of space (usually the left) only eating the right side of the plate of food
28
aphasia
language impairment due to brain damage
29
broca's aphasia
non-fluent aphasia (cannot produce language but can comprehend)
30
where is broca's aphasia
left frontal lobe
31
key features of broca's aphasia
good comprehension, poor speech production, aware of dysfunction
32
wernicke's aphasia
fluent but meaningless speech, poor comprehension (fluent aphasia)
33
where is wenicke's area
left temporal lobe
34
awareness in wenicke's aphasia
patients are usually unaware of the dysfunction they have (difficult to rehabilitate)
35
Arcuate fasciculus
fibers that connect broca's and wernicke's
36
Damage to Arcuate fasciculus
causes conduction aphasia
37
conduction aphasia
associative aphasia, impairment in the ability to repeat words and sentences
38
global aphasia
loss of both speech production and comprehension (due to damage in a large area)
39
agraphia
impairement in writing
40
alexia
impairment in reading
41
apraxia
impairment in movement
42
factors that affect recovery from aphasia
severity, cause, awareness, age, health
43
when does most recovery occur?
first few months after injury
44
stroke vs traumatic brain injury
stroke - neurons die, (worse recovery) TBI - better (myelin damage - which recovers)
45
transduction
process of converting light from the photoreceptors into a neural signal
46
cornea
clear curved outer layer of the eye helps bend light rays and helps form the image on the retina
47
refraction
process of bending light rays
48
lens
further refracts the light and changes shape to fine tune image on retina
49
ciliary muscles
muscles that control the lens shape changes
50
accommodation
process of the ciliary muscles altering the focal distance
51
fovea
part of the retina where vision is the sharpest, contains only cones (NO RODS)
52
optic nerve
bundle of axons that send the signal to the brain
53
pupil
black area of the eye where light enters
54
photoreceptors
cones and rods, absorb light and transduce it into a neural signal
55
photpigment
neurons in photoreceptors that detect light and trigger electrical signals
56
bipolar cells
pathway between photoreceptors and ganglion cells
57
ganglion cells
collect visual info and transmit to brain through optic nerve
58
optic disc
no photoreceptors, blind spot - can be overruled by brain filling in gaps with surrounding information
59
horizontal cells
contacts both photoreceptors and bipolar cells
60
amacrine cells
significant in inhibitory interactions
61
what types of potentials can photoreceptors create?
only graded potentials, not action potentials
62
how do photoreceptors behave when absorbing light?
they hyperpolarize (become more negative) bringing it further away from an action potential
63
where are rods found
everywhere except fovea
64
when do cones see the best
in correct lighting
65
visual acuity
measures how much detail we can see
66
optic chiasm
decussation of the visual fields happens here
67
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
primary processing unit for visual information
68
pathway from eye to brain
photoreceptors, optic nerve, thalamus (LGN), primary visual cortex (V1), other visual areas
69
where does transduction happen?
in the retina, specifically the photoreceptors
70
how do receptive fields become larger?
due to convergence - RF of many retinal ganglion cells combine into one larger RF in the LGN cell and many LGN's combine to form one RF in V1
71
lateral inhibition
enhances edges due to imbalance between center and surround area
72
chevreul illusion
people enhance the light/darkness at borders of light and dark area staircase illusion
73
Simple cortical cells (V1)
prefer bars of light at a particular orientation
74
what to simple cortical cells respond best to?
edges or bars of light spots of light don't have an effect
75
complex cortical cells (v1)
respond well to bars of light in a specific orientation and motion
76
how does convergence relate to cortical cells
it causes simple cells to become more complex
77
what type of light do retinal ganglion cells respond best to?
spots of light, especially when it covers the center
78
what does v1 specialize in detecting?
perceiving edges and shapes
79
area V2
separates information about colour, form and motion
80
area V4
processes colour helps with object recognition and shape discrimination
81
Cerebral achromatopsia
damage to v4 causing colour blindness
82
area V5
important in detecting motion aka medial temporal
83
extrastriate cortex
V2-5 that help further the processing of vision
84
primary visual cortex
V1, basic visual processing is done here
85
patient df
damaged ventral path, couldn't identify objects but could guide motion
86
patient rv
damaged dorsal route, could identify objects but not guide motion
87
dorsal pathway
goes through parietal lobe (where pathway) aiming, reaching, guiding
88
ventral pathway
goes through temporal lobe (what pathway) identifies objects
89
how do we see colour?
the light reflects a wavelength off an object which relates to a colout
90
which colours have long wavelengths
red, organe, yellow
91
which colours have short wavelengths
blue, purple
92
what are the three cones
s cone, m cone, l cone
93
trichromatic color theory
each color has a different pattern across s,m,and l cones (blue = many s, come m, very little l)
94
how can 3 cones see a range of colors?
each colour reads a pattern of activation in each cone (population coding)
95
why are there different types of colour blindness
depending on which cone someone is missing they cannot see a particular range of colours
96
what the trichromatic color theory doesn't explain
why some colours come in pairs and afterimages
97
opponent process theory
idea that colours come in opposing pairs (red v green)
98
how do opposing pairs work
RCG's have opposite reactions (one excites, one inhibits)
99
How do RGCs create red–green opponency?
L-cone input excites and M-cone input inhibits the same RGC, so the neuron signals which colour is stronger.
100
can complimentary colours overlap?
it can only be one or the other (never both) this is why reddish green can never exist
101
Psyc 280
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