Midterm 3

Question 1

What is self efficacy

Answer 1

self efficacy refers to the belief in your ability to organize and execute the cause of action required to produce a given attainment/result

Question 2

Who developed the concept of self efficacy?

Answer 2

Albert Bandura

Question 3

list all sources of efficacy belief

Answer 3

1. past performance (mastery performance)
2. vicarious experience (learning through someone else; observational learning)
3. verbal persuasion (pep talk)
4. physiological state (can also influence self esteem)

Question 4

what is required for vicarious experience to occur?

Answer 4

The person you’re copying/ observing must be on a similar level as you

Question 5

Factor/ variable which influences self efficacy

Answer 5

Affective Priming
- > when a particular emotion/ feeling is allied with an activity you did, it influences whether or not you will will do that activity again

Question 6

Exercise Efficacy

Answer 6

• > people who belief they can exercise/ do an exercise are more likely to actually do the exercise
• > people are much more likely to engage in a behaviour that they intend to do

Question 7

What are the basic/key factors of moral development

Answer 7

• > Fair play
• > Adhering to the rules
• > Sportspersonship
• > Integrity

Question 8

how is morality in sport determined

Answer 8

what is morally acceptable in sports differs from person - person, culture - culture and sport - sport

Question 9

sports in relation to children morality/ moral development

Answer 9

there is a belief that sport are a good place to teach children morality and moral development
- > teaches children how to play together, make moral decisions

Question 10

downside of sports in relation to morality

Answer 10

• > win at all cost mentality
• > parents can be too aggressive/ negatively involved in the play
• > enjoying for fun can become the secondary reason to play sport

Question 11

results of taking a sport too seriously

Answer 11

loses the fun aspect of the sport

Question 12

Who conducted an experiment in Quebec which tested child athletes morality

Answer 12

John Partington

Question 13

Explain John Partingtons experiment

Answer 13

asked 1000+ athletes ages 10-18 questions relating to morality in sport (i.e. what does being a good sport mean)

Question 14

What was the groups answer in Partington’s experiment in response to the question “What does being a good sport mean?”

Answer 14

• > you need to be committed (give it your all)
• > have respect for the rules
• > have respect for social convention (handshakes)
• > have respect and concern for opponents

Question 15

What is moral reasoning

Answer 15

the thought process people go through when deciding on a course of action

Question 16

According to Partingtons research, what are the 5 levels of moral reasoning

Answer 16

Level 1 - > Do whatever you have to do to be successful; don’t get caught
Level 2 - > An eye for an eye; retaliation/revenge
Level 3 - > Treat others in sport the way you want to be treated (golden rule)
Level 4 - > Follow rules and regulations
Level 5 - > Doing what’s best for all involved and for the best of the sport (little kid new teams example)

Question 17

Reasons why champions don’t stay champions

Answer 17

• > Hard for teams to keep winning in North America because of salary caps
• > Other teams become motivated to play/beat the champions
• > Champions can sometimes be unmotivated; been there done that attitude
• > champions start cutting corners (star trip syndrome)

Question 18

star trip syndrome

Answer 18

when athletes observe media which praises their skills and how good they are they start to believe it and cut corners (don’t train as much, misses practice for endorsement deals)

Question 19

What does it mean when an athlete wins and continues to win

Answer 19

They are probably process oriented and not result oriented; put in the work for the result

Question 20

Things athletes should do to ensure that they keep winning

Answer 20

• > Set out their priorities

- > come up with a well thought out plan for the future

Question 21

Barb Ramsey

Answer 21

tested/investigated the sexual behaviour of varsity athletes before games

Question 22

how many athletes have heard of the relation between sex and sport

Answer 22

• > around 85% of the people in Barbs experiment knew about the link, heard about the negative effects

Question 23

According to Dr. Froid, what are the three things people need to live

Answer 23

• > food
• > water
• > sexual activity

Question 24

Explain the how the frustration-aggression theory fits into sport and Dr. Froids life essentials

Answer 24

• > If people don’t/can’t have the three things (food, water, sexual activity) they get frustrated which lead to aggression
• > when athletes are deprived sexual activity, they can become frustrated/ violent which can be good for a contact sport

Question 25

what are the three main arguments against Dr Froids theory

Answer 25

1. frustration does not always lead to aggression (rise above, look the other way) 2. you should engage in normal behaviour before you play (pregame routine, ie. curfew diet) 3. people actually play better after sexual activity because they sleep better and are well rested afterwards

Question 26

How has sport changed in recent years

Answer 26

- > more female sport interest, commentators and coverage

Question 27

What is the downside of listening to sports commentators

Answer 27

Sports are rarely/not presented in an unbiased fashion

Question 28

what does sports provide to sports viewers

Answer 28

sports provide a form of escape/escapism i. e. - > sport allows men to be emotional (one of the few outlets where men can be emotional)

Question 29

What is personality

Answer 29

can be thought of as relatively enduring patters of behaviour which are expressed differently in certain situations and can lead to stereotypes

Question 30

what does personality influence

Answer 30

the behaviours, leisure activities, sports, ect. that people do - > some personalities crave danger

Question 31

List all 5 major personalities/ personality traits that influence sports/exercise choices & leisure experiences

Answer 31

1. Introversion/Extroversion 2. Agreeableness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Neuroticism 5. Openness to experience

Question 32

Explain introversion/extroversion

Answer 32

Extroversion - > they're high energy people who need high energy stimuli to get excited - > team orientated - > gregarious by nature (fond of company) Introversion - > opposite on all front

Question 33

Explain agreeableness

Answer 33

- > effects someones leisure activities/ choices because the choice to participate is based more off of the social situation of the activity over the activity itself - > high agreeableness promotes the social aspect of leisure - > i.e. bookclub, superbowl party

Question 34

Explain conscientiousness

Answer 34

- > conscientious people take leisure activities very seriously; strong desire to do a task well - > when they say they're gonna do something, they do it - > very organized, prepared, responsible, goal orientated, strong work ethic

Question 35

Explain Neuroticism

Answer 35

- > attracted to dangerous activities/ do things others would find "crazy" - > involving a long-term tendency to be in a negative or anxious emotional state ??

Question 36

Explain Openness to experience

Answer 36

- > flexibility of thought, like trying new things | - > can be faked; i.e. I won't talk to her now but I will after a couple drinks

Question 37

How do we develop our personalities?

Answer 37

a combination of environmental and genetic factors

Question 38

Results of self talk with athletes

Answer 38

- > sustain effort - > instill acquisition - > important part of motivation

Question 39

What is deemed unacceptable by our society in terms of self talk

Answer 39

audible/out-loud self talk

Question 40

List all types of self talk used by athletes

Answer 40

1. Positive self talk 2. Negative self talk 3. Challenging Self Talk

Question 41

Explain Positive self talk

Answer 41

self talk that is supporting, encouraging, motivational, instructional

Question 42

Explain negative self talk

Answer 42

self talk that is often inappropriate, irrational, counterproductive, and anxiety producing which gets in the way of playing effectively

Question 43

Explain challenging self talk

Answer 43

- > developed by Ryan Hamilton - > takes a positive/negative statement and turns it into a challenge - > linked to personality and used by high intensity athletes

Question 44

How does self talk work?

Answer 44

``` Self Talk *influences* Attitude *which influences* Behaviour ```

Question 45

What causes problems between coaches and athletes

Answer 45

miscommunication

Question 46

Things that coaches should do to improve communication

Answer 46

1. Coaches should not act defensive - > a coach that acts defensive is a coach that always has to be right, bad listeners, and can feel threatened by athletes ideas/opinions 2. They should be consistent - > when coaches are inconsistent with their coaching/behaviours it keeps everyone around them on edge, which can wear you out 3. Have integrity - > if a coach says one thing and does another, they lose credibility in the athletes eyes

Question 47

important in communication

Answer 47

empathy | - > when you genuinely understand what others are going through

Question 48

Things you should not do as a coach

Answer 48

Do not act sarcastic when dealing with a player - > when they do it, its demeaning and upsetting to players Don't Praise/ Criticize personality, criticize behaviour - > if you criticize personality over behaviour, this can create resentment; some people don't take criticism well

Question 49

What is essential for good communication

Answer 49

that athlete and coach have respect for one another; it's hard for an athlete to listen or look up to their coach if they think they're an idiot (no respect)

Question 50

What do most athletes value

Answer 50

for a coach to be honest

Question 51

What is more common than retirement in sports

Answer 51

Career transition

Question 52

Why do athletes retire

Answer 52

1. Age - > means they were aged our (can't play U12 when ur 26) or they're functionally unable to preform at the same level as before 2. Don't get selected anymore 3. Injury 4. Free will - > someone is good enough and can get better but they decide to stop, this person will adapt better in retirement

Question 53

Factors that influence the quality of retirement

Answer 53

Self-Identity - > how an athlete sees themselves, problems arise when they/others don't see themselves that way anymore How well they planned for their retirement - > pro athletes don't really plan for retirement because if they're thinking about retirement they're not commited Get differed interests - > hockey player wants to become a lawyer, doesn't just sit around and do nothing

Question 54

How can self talk influence performance

Answer 54

self-talk influences performance in a number of ways including the acquisition of skills, the development of self-confidence, and the self-regulation of habits

Question 55

What are the possible explanations for why positive and negative self-talk have both positive and negative outcomes

Answer 55

1. negative self-talk may only be harmful to the performance of certain athletes 2. self-talk may serve as a motivational tool 3. the retrospective self-reports of athletes are unreliable 4. individuals are simply unable to accurately recall their own unique past self-talk 5. different types of self-talk may be influential across different sports

Question 56

What were the types of self talk examined for their influence(s) on performance (online reading)

Answer 56

self-regulated positive self-talk, assisted positive self-talk, and assisted negative self-talk

Question 57

What was the end result of the online reading

Answer 57

that both positive and negative self-talk, regardless of how it is delivered (self-regulated or assisted), can lead to enhanced performance.

Question 58

What are the theories that help determine the psychological effects of leisure

Answer 58

1. Idle Hands theory 2. Pleasure Relaxation/Fun Theory 3. Need Compensation Theory 4. Humanistic Theories 5. Identity formation theory

Question 59

Explain the Idle hands theory

Answer 59

It is important to keep people occupied, if there is nothing to do/too much free time, people will get themselves into trouble - > can lead to juvenile delinquency

Question 60

Explain the pleasure relaxation/fun theory

Answer 60

- > people are more likely to do something that they find pleasurable/ gives them pleasure; fulfilling - > mental health is improved when you occasionally do something you find pleasurable, not too often

Question 61

Explain the Need/Compensation theory

Answer 61

- > sometimes people have leisure activities that compensate for things they are missing in their work life - > as work becomes safer, leisure activities become more dangerous/extreame - > i.e. race car driver collects stamps in free time

Question 62

Explain humanistic theories

Answer 62

- > people have a personal growth drive; we always want to be better - > use our leisure time to get better

Question 63

Explain the identity formation theory

Answer 63

- > Leisure can help with identity development - > leisure allows people to have an altered/dual identity; on/off court persona (bball player who works in staples) - > leisure allows you to be somebody

Question 64

What is exercise psychology

Answer 64

the study of psychological factors that underlie participation and adherence to physical activity profiles

Question 65

How does exercise psych differ from sports psych

Answer 65

- > populations are different; athletes in SP, exercise participants in EP - > Needs for both populations are different

Question 66

Percentages of Canadians that thought exercise was important vs percentage of Canadians that actually pursued active lifestyles

Answer 66

- > 95 | - > 40

Question 67

What are the theories that explain why people engage in exercise

Answer 67

- > Health Benefit model | - > Theory of Reasoned Action

Question 68

Explain the health benefit model

Answer 68

- > suggested that people exercise to hopefully prevent bad things from happening to you (health-wise) - > often bad things are way down the road/in the future (don't usually effect young people)

Question 69

Explain the Theory of reasoned action

Answer 69

- > model suggests that people exercise because they know its good for you - > they have weighted the pros and cons - > most important part of theory = intention

Question 70

What influences intention

Answer 70

- > Norms (normative behaviour) | - > Attitude