1
Q
define hypnosis
A
the uncritical acceptance of a suggestion
2
Q
What are the two basic types of hypnosis and explain
A
Hetero-hypnosis
- > administered by someone else, what we think of when we think of hypnosis
Self-Hypnosis
- > self induced hypnotic state; i.e. when you’re driving for a long time, you put yourself in a trance
3
Q
Which 4 events occur when someone is hypnotized
A
- Subject elicits a relaxation response (“you’re becoming sleepy/drowsy”)
- The subject must be open to suggestion
- Subject reports change in body (I feel tired, “are you relaxed?”)
- Person knows that they’re being hypnotized
4
Q
Relate knowing you’re drunk to knowing that you’re hypnotized
A
- > When you’re drunk, you know it and you still do stupid things
- > when you’re being hypnotized, you know it and you still do stupid things
- > both elicit a similar response
5
Q
5 steps of clinically induced hypnosis (performed by clinical psychiatrist)
A
- Preparation Phase
- Hypnotic phase
- Subject is now open to suggestion
- Coming out of a hypnotic state
- Post Hypnotic Phase
6
Q
Explain the preparation phase of clinically induced hypnosis
A
during this phase, participant need to be relieved of all fears associated with hypnosis, they also build trust with hypnotist
7
Q
Explain the Hypnotic phase of clinically induced hypnosis
A
- > when the hypnotist actually hypnotizes the patient
- > many induction techniques usually involve fixation on something like an object (keep your eyes on the watch…)
8
Q
Explain the phase of clinically induced hypnosis when the subject is open to suggestion
A
- > they feel disassociated/ very relaxed
- > this is when the clinical psychiatrist will offer suggestions
9
Q
Which athletes are more susceptible to being hypnotized? Particularly which sport
A
- > Athletes/ people that have highly developed dissociative abilities
- > these athletes are very good at being absorbed into a particular thing
- > particularly marathon/long distance runner and swimmers
10
Q
Explain the phase of clinically induced hypnosis when the subject is coming out of their hypnotic state
A
- > the only reason why someone wouldn’t come out of a hypnotic state would be because they don’t want to
- > they can snap out of it at any time because the hypnotists doesn’t have complete and utter control over them
- > they’re usually pulled out by a particular action (i.e. when I snap my fingers you will wake up)
11
Q
Explain the post hypnotic phase of clinically induced hypnosis
A
- > this is the phase that researcher are investigating/interested
- > hypnosis does not tend to actually have long term/ permanent results
12
Q
What are the benefits of hypnosis
A
- > some argue that it leads to skill improvement and increased skill acquisition
- > athletes have reported that it can increase confidence and self-esteem
- > it can help with the reduction of pain
13
Q
What are the origins of “motivation”
A
comes for the latin word “movere” which means “to move”
14
Q
What is the #1 external reinforcer of motivation/universal motivator? Does it always work?
A
MONEY
- > problem with using money as motivator is that it’s not always available (I’ll offer you 1 mill but i only have 3$)
- > people get tired of money, it loses its value
15
Q
General characteristics of motivation
A
- > motivation is rarely automatic
- > what motivates exercisers/athletes varies from person to person
16
Q
Form of motivation used primarily in sport
A
- > punishment or threatening behaviour
- > problem with using punishment in sport is that the athletes can become scared
17
Q
By definition, punishment ____________
A
always works
18
Q
What motivates certain people and not others
A
exercisers/athletes would wall into 1 of 2 groups
- Participant centred approach
- Situational Motivation
19
Q
Explain the participant centred approach
A
type of motivation that suggests that peoples levels of motivation is within themselves
i. e.
- > if they want to be fit then they will motivate themselves
- > are not swayed by other/outside motivational factors
20
Q
Explain situational motivation
A
refers to the motivation individuals experience when they are currently engaging in an activity
i. e.
- > some situations demand for you to be motivated
- > starts to work out because everyone else is
- > sheep example (you only need a few to actually participate and the rest will follow)
21
Q
Explain competence motivation
A
- > build upon the belief that people want to deal with their environment effectively
- > people are intrinsically motivated to be confidant
- > you get embarrassed if you’re not competent
- > in sports and exercise, you want to be competent; not necessarily the best but not the worst
22
Q
What do you usually do when you’re good at something
A
stick with it
23
Q
Define Psychological Momentum
A
a directional (good/bad) concept which as a consequence of prior events will influence the probability of winning or losing
- > in other words; the idea that teams/ players get on a roll/get in the zone and play well
24
Q
Research perspective of Psychological Momentum
A
- > hasn’t been that much research on PM
- > one of the least understood area of sport
- > looked at with mystical view
25
How is PM a directional concept
It can go in a positive or a negative direction
Positive
- \> pos. change in momentum is associated with an increase in confidence and winning expectation, can lead to better performance
Negative
- \> negative change develops a losing expectation and as a result, performance is on the decline
26
Describe studies on psychological momentum
focused on archival data (old games, scores, etc.)
27
Bob Wireburger's theory
looked at woman's tennis and hypothesized that in a 3-set match, person who won first set is extremely likely to win the game
28
Silva's Theory
- \> looked at men's tennis; 5 sets
- \> reported that the man who wins the first set is more likely to win the second
- \> if you win the second match, you're likely to win the third/ whole game
- \> according to Ronson's theory, this is nonsense
29
Ronson's theory
reported that when 2 tennis players of relatively the same skill compete against each other, the player who wins first set only wins the whole game 60% of the time
30
Milwer's theory
In volleyball, if the score was 10-14 and then tied up 14-14, the team who came back won only 50% of the time
- \> so therefore psychological momentum is a cognitive myth that has no effect on outcome
31
Why do we believe in Psychological momentum if it's proven to be an illusion
32
what is socialization
- \> the process where the skill necessary for one to function acceptably, effectively, and productivly in a given social order are developed
33
How does someone become an athlete or participant in a part of sport
- \> socialization into sport
\* occurs when attention is focused on factors that make certain sports attractive to individuals
- \> socializtion into sports places emphasis upon the consequences of participation in sport
34
Banduras social learning theory
Explain the role of modeling, imitation, and vicarious learning in relation to socialization
35
Sport socialization
- \> begins in early childhood
- \> parents influence their childrens socialization into sport but the parent learns more about the sport through their childrens involvement
36
Why do individuals pursure certain sports/ opporitunities over others
1. Pleasure and Enjoyment
- \> if they like it than they'll do it and stick with it
- \> more so in girls then boys
2. Family
- \> older sibling/ parents/other family members played the sport and exposed them to it.
- \> Birth order matters
\* first born children have less chance of playing high-contact sport
3. Sport Heroes
4. Peers
\* mothers have more influence on daughtersbut fathers have more influence over both genders then mother
\* first born have lower pain tolerance
37
Sport Heroes
- \> well know sports heroes affect sports relations
- \> people who have sports heroes are more fixated on the person than the sport
38
Peers in relation to socialization
- \> biggest socialization motive into sports
- \> occurs from childhood to adulthood
39
Geological and Cultural factors on socialization
- \> wealth
- \> economic status
- \> geographical location often influences sports speciality
40
Schools effect on socialization
- \> a school investment of resources and personnel in sport can influence students towards general and certain sports activities
41
Differences in benefits between able bodied people and those with disabilities
- \> there is no evidence that the mental, physical, and social benefits available to nondisabled participants are any less or different from those accuring to disabled athletes
42
Psychological benefits of sport reported by disabled participants
- \> Development in self confidance
- \> enhancement of self esteem
- \> decrease in levels of depression
- \> greater involvement in social activities
- \> identification with sport and performance
43
Disabled sports today
- \> competitive sport opporitunities for disabled athletes are available in almost every sport
- \> competition is based on what partcipants can do, rather than what they can't do
44
Parents impact on disabled children in sport
- \> study by Master indicated that there was little or no parental influence upon disabled athletes to become interested in sport
- \> disabled athletes reported being influenced more by physical education teachers and peers/friends
45
Are disabled athletes socialized into sport differently than able bodied athletes
- \> a study by Harper concluded: Yes
- \> the needs of diabled athletes seem to be similar to abe bodied athletes, but participation in sport depends on more than motor skills and physical fitness; also invloves social, emotional, and intelectual effor
46
Cognitive Evaluation
- \> the cognitive ability of an idividual must be evaluated to determine thing such as: his/her ability to comprehend various types of offensive/defensive strategies
- \> social development and readiness must be determined prior to involvement in sport
47
What were the main categories that the results of the study were classified into?
- \> growing connection with the cause
- \> improved fitness and athleticism
- \> mutual training support within the training group
48
What were the subcategories of the results from the reading
- \> mutual social support within the training group
- \> personal growth
- \> fundraising
- \> the response from family, friends, and others external to the training group
49
reasons why the participants partcipated in the runs (reading)
- \> None of the 13 participants specified that the cause was their main motivating factor for joining the program; in fact, six specifically reported having little or no prior connection (all had personal connection)
- \> 12 of the participants experienced a growing sense of connection with the cause, which motivated them to follow their training schedule and complete the marathon.
- \> 12 stated that the cause motivated mem to attend group workouts despite external amotivating factors such as bad weather, or internal amotivating factors such as physical and/or psychological fatigue
Sports & Exercise Psychology
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