Midterm Deck

Question 1

how do establish cause?

Answer 1

look at what precedes the phenomenon of interest

Question 2

what are Hawthorne effects?

Answer 2

research participants will behave differently when they know that they are being observed

Question 3

what are four basic elements of true experiments?

Answer 3

random assignment, replicability, control, and precision

Question 4

what is triangulation?

Answer 4

pairing correlation studies with experiments to increase confidence when identifying causality

Question 5

define the difference between replication vs replicability

Answer 5

replication is studying multiple samples using the same method, and the same phenomenon with multiple methods

replicability means an experiment can be done by someone else in the same manner

Question 6

what are the three basic criteria for an experiment?

Answer 6

the cause must precede the effect, the cause must be related to the effect, there is no plausible alterative explanation for the effect

Question 7

what are mechanisms?

Answer 7

what occurs between the cause and effect that explains how the cause leads to effect

Question 8

what is variation?

Answer 8

how the IV is changed (manipulation, treatment, intervention)

Question 9

what are confounds?

Answer 9

factors other than the IV, that have an effect on the IV and DV (aka, an unmeasured third variable)

Question 10

how does IV vs DV driven research differ?

Answer 10

IV-driven looks at what the IV leads to, DV-driven looks at what causes the phenomenon of interest

Question 11

what was the research question of the Maass study?

Answer 11

is sexual harassment a response to gender based group identity threat?

Question 12

what were the IVs of the Maass study?

Answer 12

whether men were exposed to a threat to their gender identity, and/or ‘talked’ to feminist Marta

Question 13

what was the DV of the Maass study?

Answer 13

sexual harassment, measured by the number of pornographic images sent and how offensive the images were scored in sum

Question 14

what plausible explanation did the Maass study rule out about harassment?

Answer 14

they ruled out the idea that men would harass more if they thought the feminist was more open to that

Question 15

what was the mechanism in the Maas study?

Answer 15

men’s identification with their identity as a man and their social dominance orientation

Question 16

what was the DV in the milgram study?

Answer 16

obedience (how high the teacher shocked the learner)

Question 17

what was the IV in the milgram study?

Answer 17

authority

Question 18

what are some ways the milgram was influential?

Answer 18

developed pilot studies, did manipulation checks, used multiple measurement tools, led to the development of REBs

Question 19

what was the IV of the Zimbardo experiment?

Answer 19

role assignment

Question 20

what was the DV the Zimbardo experiment?

Answer 20

the degree to which assigned roles affect behaviour

Question 21

what was the DV in the Facebook study?

Answer 21

emotional contagion, what kind of content people began sharing

Question 22

what was the IV of the Facebook study?

Answer 22

the type of content that people were exposed to

Question 23

what is respect for persons? (TCPS)

Answer 23

researchers have a moral obligation to respect autonomy of individuals, and protect those with developing, impaired or diminished autonomy; giving participants full choice

Question 24

what are some ways that researchers can demonstrate respect for persons?

Answer 24

providing opportunities for informed consent, full debriefing after deception, avoiding abuse of power (i.e. employer-employee)

Question 25

what is concern for welfare? (TCPS)

Answer 25

being concerned for participant's physical, mental, and spiritual health, as well as their physical, economic, and social circumstances

Question 26

what are some ways that researchers can practice concern for welfare?

Answer 26

provide participants enough information to be able to assess risks/benefits, minimize risk in the study design and rework higher risk areas, ensure privacy/confidentiality

Question 27

what is justice? (TCPS)

Answer 27

the obligation to treat people fairly and equitably, ensuring that no group is unduly burdened or benefitted by the research

Question 28

how is justice practiced in research? (TCPS)

Answer 28

proportionate review by REBs (delegated or full board), pre-registering hypotheses and making data open-access, not plagiarizing self or others, authorship ethics

Question 29

what is academic freedom?

Answer 29

being able to pursue the truth, regardless of where it may lead you, with the goal of understanding, and being able to challenge the institutions that we are a part of

Question 30

what responsibilities must be upheld within academic freedom?

Answer 30

ensuring that you are providing empirical knowledge, and are maintaining professional standards

Question 31

what was the IV in the Tilcik study?

Answer 31

exposure to ideas and ideology around how rational SDT is

Question 32

what was the DV in the Tilcik study?

Answer 32

people's discriminatory actions and attitudes?

Question 33

what is the purpose of a meta-analysis?

Answer 33

examining the robustness and size of a causal effect across studies

Question 34

what was the main IV of the Park & Oh meta-analysis?

Answer 34

gender

Question 34

what is a small, medium, and large effect size? (Cohen's d)

Answer 34

small - 0.2 med - 0.5 large - 0.8

Question 35

what were some mediator variables of the Park & Oh meta-analysis?

Answer 35

race, skill levels required, gender ratio, prestige, pay

Question 36

what was the DV of the Park & Oh meta-analysis?

Answer 36

discrimination ratios, measured by the number of callbacks after resume submission

Question 37

what kind of studies are audit studies?

Answer 37

post-test only control group design

Question 38

what does R represent in the Campbell & Stanley typology?

Answer 38

random assignment

Question 39

what does X represent in the Campbell & Stanley typology?

Answer 39

exposure, treatment, manipulation, or intervention (usually an IV)

Question 40

what does O represent in the Campbell & Stanley typology?

Answer 40

an observation or measurement of an outcome variable (usually a DV)

Question 41

what does __ represent in the Campbell & Stanley typology?

Answer 41

a space indicates that no treatment (or control) was given

Question 42

what is the typology for a one-shot case study?

Answer 42

__ X O (example: Milgram)

Question 43

what is the typology for a one-group pre-test post-test design?

Answer 43

X1 O X2

Question 44

what is the typology for a static group comparison?

Answer 44

X O1 __ O2

Question 45

what is the typology for a pre-test post-test control group?

Answer 45

O1 X 02 O3 _ O4 (example: Maass)

Question 46

what is the typology for a solomon four-group design?

Answer 46

R O1 X O2 R O3 __ O4 R __ X O5 R __ __ O6

Question 47

what is the typology for a post-test only control group?

Answer 47

R X O R __ O (Example: Tilcik)

Question 48

what is a quasi experiment?

Answer 48

experiments in natural social settings where random assignment and/or control over the experimental condition(s) are difficult or not possible by the researchers

Question 49

what are the benefits of quasi experiments?

Answer 49

feels less artificial, allows for more complexity, easier to conduct longitudinally

Question 50

what are the drawbacks of quasi experiments?

Answer 50

cannot control for extraneous factors, no random assignment, control over conditions is difficult/impossible

Question 51

how do we preserve validity in quasi experiments?

Answer 51

measure relevant variables and count them as covariates, compare participants across conditions, discuss these actions in write ups

Question 52

what was the Vietnam draft lottery study? (natural)

Answer 52

examined the long-term effects on income after military service -> veterans earned far less than non-vets

Question 53

what was the Mariel Boatlift from Cuba study? (natural)

Answer 53

researcher compared Miami’s labour market outcomes (the ‘treatment’ group) with other cities that didn’t experience this sudden influx (control groups) -> minimal effects were found on native workers’ wages and employment

Question 54

what was the Moving to Opportunity study? (natural)

Answer 54

low-income families in high-poverty U.S. public housing were randomly assigned to receive housing vouchers to move to low-poverty neighbourhoods or to remain in their current situations -> measured health, finances, outcomes 10-15 years after baseline

Question 55

what was the Oregon health insurance study? (natural)

Answer 55

Oregon opened a waiting list for its Medicaid program for low-income adults, and drew names from this waiting list by lottery --> the experiment compared the outcomes of people who got aid, and people who applied but did not get aid

Question 56

what are field experiments vs natural experiments?

Answer 56

field: treatment or cause is NOT controlled by researchers, might naturally occur, sometimes random assignment natural: treatment IS controlled by the researchers, random assignment challenging or not possible

Question 57

what was the lost letter experiment? (field)

Answer 57

dropped letters addressed to four recipients, seeing what percentage of letters to each addressee were returned in the mail

Question 58

are audit studies natural or field experiments?

Answer 58

field experiments

Question 59

what was the spreading of disorder study? (field)

Answer 59

examined the "broken windows theory", that signs of disorder encourages further straying from social norms

Question 60

what was the race/gender bike theft experiment? (field)

Answer 60

white vs black actors pretend to steal a bike, people react much quicker

Question 61

what was the abuse in the elevator experiment? (field)

Answer 61

Swedish social experiment with actors in an elevator, simulating domestic violence; out of 53 people entering the elevator and witnessing this, only *1* person did anything to help

Question 62

what is crossover contamination?

Answer 62

participants accidentally witnessing both conditions of an experiment and growing suspicious

Question 63

what is attrition in field/natural experiments?

Answer 63

the outcomes are not recorded for every participant

Question 64

what is interference in field/natural experiments?

Answer 64

participants speaking to each other about the study

Question 65

what are some ethical considerations for field/natural experiments?

Answer 65

lack of informed consent, potential for harm to participants, damage to trust of public in research