1
Q
What are assumptions in the context of a theory?
A
Beliefs accepted as true to accept a theory
Assumptions may be based on accepted knowledge or personal beliefs and values.
2
Q
Define a borrowed theory.
A
A theory developed in another discipline, not adapted to nursing
It lacks alignment with the worldview and practice of nursing.
3
Q
What are concepts?
A
Elements necessary to understand a phenomenon
Concepts are abstract and derived from human impressions of phenomena.
4
Q
What is a conceptual model?
A
A set of interrelated concepts representing a phenomenon
It identifies concepts and describes their relationships in nursing.
5
Q
What are constructs?
A
Complex concepts built by theorists for a purpose
Constructs are often used interchangeably with concepts.
6
Q
What are empirical indicators?
A
Specific identifiers of concepts used to observe or measure
They include instructions, experimental conditions, and procedures.
7
Q
Define epistemology.
A
Theories of knowledge and how people acquire knowledge
In nursing, it studies the origins of nursing knowledge.
8
Q
What are hypotheses?
A
Tentative suggestions of a relationship between concepts
They progress to empirical generalizations and ultimately to laws.
9
Q
What does knowledge refer to?
A
Awareness or perception of reality acquired through learning
It represents a reasonably accurate understanding within a discipline.
10
Q
What is a law in the context of a theory?
A
A validated proposition about the relationship between concepts
Laws are highly generalizable and found in observable phenomena.
11
Q
What does a metaparadigm represent?
A
The worldview of a discipline encompassing central concepts
In nursing, it includes person, environment, health, and nursing.
12
Q
What is a middle range theory?
A
A theory related to specific topics within a discipline
It is narrower than grand theories and encompasses limited concepts.
13
Q
What are models?
A
Graphic or symbolic representations of phenomena
They can be theoretical or empirical.
14
Q
Define ontology.
A
The study of existence and the nature of reality
It explores what it means for something to exist.
15
Q
What is a paradigm?
A
An organizing framework containing concepts and theories
It shapes how a discipline interprets its subject matter.
16
Q
What are phenomena?
A
Designations of aspects of reality relevant to a discipline
They become the subject matter of primary concern.
17
Q
What is a philosophy in this context?
A
A statement of beliefs and values about human existence
It reflects a worldview regarding human beings and their environment.
18
Q
What is a practice theory?
A
A theory dealing with a limited range of discrete phenomena
It provides specific directions for practice.
19
Q
What is praxis?
A
The application of a theory to real-life cases
It connects theoretical knowledge with practical experience.
20
Q
What are relationship statements?
A
Indications of specific relationships between concepts
They can be propositions, hypotheses, laws, axioms, or theorems.
21
Q
Define taxonomy.
A
A classification scheme for various phenomena
Taxonomies can range from simple to complex structures.
22
Q
What does theory refer to?
A
A set of logically interrelated concepts and propositions
It accounts for or characterizes some phenomenon.
23
Q
What is a worldview?
A
The philosophical frame of reference of a cultural group
It describes beliefs about reality.
24
Q
What is metatheory?
A
A theory about theory, focusing on broad issues in nursing
It addresses knowledge generation and theory development.
25
What are the **requirements for a metaparadigm**?
* Identify a distinctive domain
* Encompass all phenomena of interest
* Be perspective-neutral
* Be global in scope
## Footnote
These requirements ensure clarity and coherence in the discipline.
26
What is the difference between **science** and **philosophy**?
* Science: concerned with causality and observable phenomena
* Philosophy: concerned with purpose and the nature of knowledge
## Footnote
Both aim to increase knowledge but use different methodologies.
27
What are the **characteristics of science**?
* Coherence
* Concern with definite fields
* Universal statements
* True or probably true statements
* Logically ordered statements
* Explanation of investigations
## Footnote
These characteristics define the scientific approach.
28
Nursing is considered an **applied or practice science** because it synthesizes knowledge from other disciplines. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
Nursing draws on both basic sciences and social sciences.
29
What must the **statements of science** be?
Logically ordered
## Footnote
Science must explain its investigations and arguments.
30
Nursing is considered an **applied or practice science** that synthesizes knowledge from which types of disciplines?
* Basic sciences (e.g., physiology, chemistry)
* Social sciences
* Other established practice disciplines
## Footnote
Nursing science draws on various disciplines to develop its knowledge base.
31
How is **nursing science** defined according to Parse (2016)?
Substantive, discipline-specific knowledge focusing on the human-universe-health process
## Footnote
It is articulated in nursing frameworks and theories.
32
What is the **goal of nursing science**?
* Represent the nature of nursing
* Understand and explain nursing
* Use knowledge for the benefit of humankind
## Footnote
Nursing science directs the future generation of substantive nursing knowledge.
33
Philosophy is defined as the study of problems that are **ultimate, abstract, and general**. What are these problems concerned with?
* Nature of existence
* Knowledge
* Morality
* Reason
* Human purpose
## Footnote
Philosophy seeks to discover knowledge and truth.
34
Name the **branches of philosophy**.
* Metaphysics
* Ontology
* Cosmology
* Epistemology
* Logic
* Esthetics
* Ethics
* Philosophy of science
* Political Philosophy
## Footnote
Each branch focuses on different fundamental aspects of knowledge and existence.
35
What does **nursing philosophy** refer to?
A statement of foundational and universal assumptions about knowledge and entities in nursing practice
## Footnote
It provides perspectives for practice, scholarship, and research.
36
True or false: There is a single dominant philosophy in the discipline of **nursing**.
FALSE
## Footnote
Nursing is recognized as a multiparadigm discipline with multiple perspectives valuable for knowledge development.
37
What does **epistemology** study?
Theory of knowledge
## Footnote
It includes questions about the extent and criteria of knowledge.
38
List the **basic types of knowledge** in epistemology.
* Empirics
* Personal knowledge
* Intuitive knowledge
* Somatic knowledge
* Metaphysical (spiritual) knowledge
* Esthetics
* Moral or ethical knowledge
## Footnote
Each type represents a different way of knowing.
39
What are the **four fundamental patterns for nursing knowledge** identified by Carper (1978)?
* Empirics
* Esthetics
* Personal knowledge
* Ethics
## Footnote
These patterns encompass the various ways of knowing in nursing.
40
What is **empirical knowledge** characterized by?
* Objective
* Abstract
* Quantifiable
* Verifiable
## Footnote
It is formulated into scientific generalizations, laws, theories, and principles.
41
How is **esthetic knowledge** described?
* Expressive
* Subjective
* Unique
* Experiential
## Footnote
It relies on perception and is evident through actions and interactions.
42
What does **personal knowledge** in nursing promote?
Wholeness and integrity in personal encounters
## Footnote
It incorporates experience and actualizes the self within practice.
43
What does **ethical knowledge** in nursing refer to?
Moral code based on obligation to service and respect for human life
## Footnote
It arises in situations of ambiguity and requires rational examination.
44
What are the **summary points** for ways of knowing in nursing?
* Encourage different types of knowledge in practice
* Use various methodologies in research
* Make education relevant for diverse backgrounds
* Promote high-quality client care
## Footnote
These points aim to enhance nursing practice and client satisfaction.
45
Complex type of concept composed of several interrelated concepts created for a specific theoretical purpose.
Construct
## Footnote
Constructs are essential in developing theories and frameworks within nursing.
46
Awareness or perception of reality acquired through learning, investigation, or insight within a discipline.
Knowledge
## Footnote
Knowledge is foundational for nursing practice and decision-making.
47
Theories predicting relationships between variables; developed through experimental or quasi-experimental methods.
Predictive (Situation-Relating) Theories
## Footnote
These theories help anticipate outcomes based on specific variables.
48
Theories that describe phenomena and identify key concepts but do not explain relationships.
Descriptive (Factor-Isolating) Theories
## Footnote
These theories provide a framework for understanding without establishing causation.
49
Philosophical study addressing the foundational beliefs, knowledge, and nature of nursing practice.
Nursing Philosophy
## Footnote
Nursing philosophy guides ethical and practical approaches in the field.
50
Philosophy of reality; explores existence, causality, and purpose.
Metaphysics
## Footnote
Metaphysics informs the understanding of nursing's role in the broader context of existence.
51
Highly specific, prescriptive theories guiding nursing actions for defined situations or populations.
Practice Theory
## Footnote
These theories provide practical guidance for nursing interventions.
52
Study of the origin, validation, and limits of knowledge; in nursing, examines how we know and justify knowledge.
Epistemology (Ways of Knowing)
## Footnote
Epistemology is crucial for understanding the basis of nursing knowledge.
53
Science as both process and product: systematic explanation and method for sustaining knowledge.
Science Overview
## Footnote
This overview emphasizes the importance of scientific methods in nursing.
54
An aspect of reality or area of concern central to a discipline’s subject matter.
Phenomenon
## Footnote
Phenomena are the focus of inquiry and research in nursing.
55
Study of the universe’s nature and origin.
Cosmology
## Footnote
Cosmology provides a broader context for understanding human existence.
56
Set of logically connected concepts, propositions, and definitions explaining a phenomenon in nursing.
Theory
## Footnote
Theories are essential for guiding nursing practice and research.
57
A statement of beliefs and values about human beings and their world, guiding professional attitudes.
Philosophy
## Footnote
Philosophy shapes the ethical framework within which nurses operate.
58
Science focuses on cause and effect, testing, and verifiability, while philosophy explores meaning, being, and knowledge.
Science vs Philosophy
## Footnote
Understanding the distinction is vital for integrating both approaches in nursing.
59
Abstract components of a phenomenon formed through sensing the environment; fundamental elements of theory.
Concept
## Footnote
Concepts are building blocks for developing theories in nursing.
60
Theory about theory; examines how nursing knowledge and theories are developed and evaluated.
Metatheory
## Footnote
Metatheory provides a framework for understanding the evolution of nursing knowledge.
61
Graphic or symbolic representation expressing how a concept or system functions or is structured.
Model
## Footnote
Models help visualize complex relationships within nursing theories.
62
Proposition repeatedly validated to describe relationships between concepts; highly generalizable, common in natural sciences.
Law
## Footnote
Laws provide foundational principles that guide nursing practice.
63
Organizing framework including concepts, beliefs, values, and theories that define a discipline’s worldview and direction.
Paradigm
## Footnote
Paradigms shape the understanding and approach to nursing as a discipline.
64
Study of science and scientific practices.
Philosophy of Science
## Footnote
This study informs the scientific basis of nursing practice.
65
Intermediate theories connecting grand concepts to specific phenomena; testable and empirically based.
Middle Range Theory (Detailed)
## Footnote
Middle range theories bridge the gap between broad theories and specific nursing practices.
66
Explores ultimate and abstract problems about existence, morality, and human purpose.
Overview of Philosophy
## Footnote
This overview is essential for understanding ethical considerations in nursing.
67
Study of moral values, right and wrong behavior.
Ethics
## Footnote
Ethics guide decision-making and practice in nursing.
68
Tentative statement proposing a relationship between concepts; tested to develop laws or generalizations.
Hypothesis
## Footnote
Hypotheses are critical for guiding research in nursing.
69
Field-specific discipline knowledge explaining human–universe–health processes; goal is to advance nursing practice and research.
Nursing Science
## Footnote
Nursing science integrates various knowledge areas to improve patient care.
70
Philosophical lens through which a culture or group interprets reality and existence.
Worldview
## Footnote
Worldviews influence how nurses perceive and interact with patients.
71
The broadest level of theory, encompassing large, abstract frameworks for understanding nursing as a discipline.
Grand Theory
## Footnote
Grand theories provide overarching frameworks for nursing practice.
72
Study of knowledge, its nature, and relationship between belief and truth.
Epistemology (Philosophy Branch)
## Footnote
This branch of philosophy is crucial for understanding the foundations of nursing knowledge.
73
Theory that applies to very specific, clearly defined phenomena; practical and prescriptive for nursing care.
Practice or Situation-Specific Theory
## Footnote
These theories guide specific nursing interventions.
74
Concrete identifiers or measurements used to observe or test a concept in research.
Empirical Indicators
## Footnote
Empirical indicators are essential for validating nursing theories.
75
Moral knowledge addressing right and wrong; guides ethical decision-making in nursing.
Ethical Knowledge
## Footnote
Ethical knowledge is vital for maintaining professional integrity in nursing.
76
Theories that explain relationships between concepts and specify associations; often deal with cause and effect.
Explanatory (Factor-Relating) Theories
## Footnote
These theories help understand the dynamics between different nursing phenomena.
77
Theory with a narrower focus than grand theory; addresses specific topics and phenomena within nursing.
Middle Range Theory
## Footnote
Middle range theories are practical for addressing specific nursing issues.
78
Study of reasoning methods and logic in arguments and inference.
Logic
## Footnote
Logic is essential for constructing sound arguments in nursing practice.
79
Beliefs accepted as true to support a theory; often philosophical, forming the foundation of reasoning about phenomena.
Assumptions
## Footnote
Assumptions underpin the theoretical frameworks used in nursing.
80
A theory borrowed from another discipline not adapted to nursing’s worldview or practice.
Borrowed or Shared Theory
## Footnote
These theories may require adaptation to fit nursing contexts.
81
Artistic knowing; intuitive, expressive, and perceptual understanding of patient care.
Esthetics (Way of Knowing)
## Footnote
Esthetics enhances the holistic approach to patient care in nursing.
82
Study of being, existence, and the nature of reality.
Ontology
## Footnote
Ontology informs the philosophical underpinnings of nursing practice.
83
Study of beauty, art, and harmony.
Aesthetics
## Footnote
Aesthetics contributes to the understanding of patient care and environment.
84
The global worldview of a discipline; in nursing includes person, environment, health, and nursing as its four core concepts.
Metaparadigm
## Footnote
The metaparadigm shapes the foundational concepts of nursing.
85
Study of knowledge and how it is acquired or validated; in nursing, focuses on origins and structure of nursing knowledge.
Epistemology
## Footnote
Epistemology is crucial for understanding how nursing knowledge is developed.
86
Scientific knowing; based on observation, testing, replication, and logical reasoning.
Empirics
## Footnote
Empirics form the basis of evidence-based nursing practice.
87
Study of political systems, citizen–state relations.
Political Philosophy
## Footnote
Political philosophy can influence healthcare policies and nursing practice.
88
Theories prescribing nursing interventions to achieve specific outcomes; guide therapeutic actions and predict consequences.
Prescriptive (Situation-Producing) Theories
## Footnote
These theories are essential for effective nursing interventions.
89
Interrelated concepts forming a symbolic representation of a phenomenon; conveys a mental image of nursing’s focus.
Conceptual Model or Conceptual Framework
## Footnote
Conceptual models help visualize the relationships within nursing practice.
90
Substantive body of discipline-specific knowledge explaining health, illness, and human responses.
Definition of Nursing Science
## Footnote
This definition emphasizes the unique contributions of nursing to healthcare.
91
Subjective self-awareness and understanding relationships between nurse and patient; promotes wholeness and integrity.
Personal Knowledge
## Footnote
Personal knowledge is vital for building therapeutic relationships in nursing.
92
Classification scheme used to organize and define phenomena within a field.
Taxonomy
## Footnote
Taxonomies help structure nursing knowledge and practice.
93
Integration of multiple ways of knowing enhances nursing education, research, and high-quality care.
Summary of Ways of Knowing
## Footnote
This integration is essential for comprehensive nursing practice.
94
Statements showing relationships among two or more concepts; can form propositions, hypotheses, or laws.
Relationship Statements
## Footnote
Relationship statements are fundamental in developing nursing theories.
95
Application of theory to real-world nursing situations; theory in practice.
Praxis
## Footnote
Praxis connects theoretical knowledge with practical nursing actions.
TFN
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