1
Q
Minerals are found in _____ feedstuffs.
A
all
2
Q
Minerals are found in _____ and ______ products feedstuffs.
A
plants, animals
3
Q
Minerals differences in __________.
A
bioavailability
4
Q
Animal food products are generally more “________” meaning it is more _________.
A
available, digestible
5
Q
Substances in foods can decrease __________ (bioavailability) of
minerals.
A
absorption
6
Q
What are the 3 substances that can decrease absorption of minerals?
A
– Oxalate p
– phytate
– tannins
7
Q
What is bioavailability?
A
The percentage of mineral absorbed as related to the amount fed
8
Q
What are the 2 factors that increase bioavailability?
A
– Cooking
– Plant vs animal sourced foods
9
Q
What is the factor that decreases bioavailability?
A
– “Binders” such oxalates, phytates, tannins and polyphenols
10
Q
What are the 6 general functions of minerals?
A
- structural function in skeleton, protein, bones and teeth
- constituents of organic compounds such as proteins and lipids
- enzyme activators (coenzymes)
- Nerve and muscle function
- Unique Functions
- osmoregulation; acid/base equilibrium
11
Q
Which minerals help with structural function in bones, proteins and teeth?
A
Ca, P in bone; S in keratin
12
Q
What containing amino acids are the constituents of organic compounds? Give the 2 examples.
A
S-containing amino acids
(cysteine and methionine)
13
Q
Most essential minerals ______ multiple cellular reactions.
A
catalyze
14
Q
Which essential minerals are involved in catalyzing multiple cellular reactions?
A
– Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, K, etc.
15
Q
What minerals are involved with nerve and muscle function?
A
Ca, Na, K
16
Q
What minerals are involved with osmoregulation?
A
– Na+, K+, Cl-
17
Q
Do minerals alone provide energy?
A
NO
18
Q
When are minerals essential?
A
when removal from the from the diet results in an abnormality that disappears when the mineral is added back.
19
Q
Macro minerals are present at what kinds of levels?
A
present at larger levels in body or required in larger amounts in diet
20
Q
Micro/Trace minerals are present at what kinds of levels?
A
present at low levels in body or required in smaller amounts in diet
21
Q
What are the 7 major minerals?
A
- Calcium
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Phosphorus
- Magnesium
- Sulfur
22
Q
What are the 10 trace minerals?
A
- Zinc
- Iron
- Copper
- Selenium
- Iodine
- Chromium
- Fluoride
- Manganese
- Molybdenum
- Cobalt
23
Q
What are the 5 factors affecting mineral requirement?
A
- species
- breed
- sex of animal
- physiological state
- level of production
24
Q
Lactation increases a requirement for which mineral?
A
calcium
25
High zinc, calcium, and iron can inhibit ______ absorption.
copper
26
Excess dietary phosphorus impairs ______ absorption
calcium
27
Manganese dietary excess can induce ______ deficiency.
iron
28
Iron deficiency exacerbates ______ poisoning
lead
29
Molybdenum deficiency exacerbates _______ toxicity.
copper
30
Molybdenum dietary excess induces _______ deficiency.
copper
31
Most minerals have an ________ range
optimal
32
In their optimal range, below is when ________ occurs and above is when _______ symptoms occurs.
deficiency, toxicity
33
Mineral content of _____ primarily dictates mineral status of plants and therefore, feeds.
soils
34
What is the most abundant mineral
in animal tissues?
calcium
35
Calcium functions in which 5 things throughout the body?
1. bone matrix
2. nerve function
3. blood clotting
4. muscle contraction
5. cellular metabolism
36
What are the 4 functions of phosphorus?
1. component in bones and teeth
2. vitally important in energy metabolism
3. acid/base balance
4. regulation of metabolism
37
There is __% phosphorus in bone and __% phosphorus in soft tissue.
80,20
38
Which 2 minerals are required for normal bone function as well as many non‐skeletal functions?
calcium and phosphorus
39
What is the Ca to P ratio in the diet?
2:1
40
Deficiency in Ca, P, or vitamin D causes what 2 things to happen?
1. rickets in growing animal
2. osteomalacia/
osteoporosis in adult animals
41
What is rickets?
Softening of bones due
to failure in calcification
of cartilage matrix
42
What are the signs of rickets?
- bowed long bones
- enlarged joints
- lameness
- curved bones
- soft spot on a baby's head
43
What is osteomalacia?
adult form of
rickets; softening of bone
44
What is osteoporosis?
porous bones; lack of vitamin D activity with increasing age
44
What are the 3 causes of calcium deficiency?
1. low calcium intake or absorption
2. abnormally high Ca:P ratio
3. vitamin D deficiency
44
Low calcium intake or absorption happens from what 2 things?
1. soap formation (fatty acids) in rumen
2. competition with divalent ions for absorption
44
What are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?
- rickets or osteomalacia
- pica
- low fertility and poor milk production or growth
44
What is pica?
chewing of wood fences, bones, soil
44
Dietary supplementation with synthetic phytase does what 3 things to phosphorus?
1. increases intestinal absorption
2. decreases need
3. decreases excretion
44
What are the 5 factors affecting intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus?
1. Ca:P ratio
2. large intakes of Fe, Al, or Mg
3. phytic acid/phytate (unavailable P)
4. oxalate (unavailable Ca)
5. Tannins
44
Phytase improves the availability of which mineral?
phosphorus
44
Does phosphorus requirements need to be continuously evaluated?
YES
44
Because of ________, nutritionists supplement phosphor to meet the animals requirement.
phytate
45
Calcium can be a ______ or _______ process.
active, passive
45
Supplementing phosphorus is economically favorable, however it can have which kind of problems?
environmental
45
Feeding phytase reduces which 2 things?
1. dietary requirements
2. fecal excretion
45
Calcium absorption is dependent on which vitamin?
vitamin D
45
Calcium absorption is from the _______ or ______.
duodenum, jejunum
45
Through an active or passive process, it stimulates calcium transport in which kind of cells to enhance absorption?
intestinal
45
Absorption depends on need for which 3 things?
1. growth
2. pregnancy
3. lactation
45
Bioavailability in calcium absorption is decreased by which 2 things?
1. phytate levels (grains)
2. low estrogen levels (post‐menopausal women)
45
High dietary phosphorus limits what?
calcium absorption
45
In phosphorus absorption, it has ________ and ________ mechanisms.
active, passive
46
Is plant phosphorus digestible or indigestible?
indigestible
47
Why is plant phosphorus often indigestible?
due to phytate
47
Phytate is released by what enzyme?
phytase
48
What are the 3 calcium sources?
1. minerals
2. animal sources
3. roughages
48
Do monogastric or rumen microbes synthesize phytase?
rumen microbes
49
Roughages are _____ in calcium than grains are.
higher
49
You specifically get calcium from which 2 mineral sources?
1. limestone
2. dicalcium phosphate
50
Which 4 sources of calcium come from animal sources?
1. meat
2. bone meal
3. fish meal
4. milk products
51
Vitamin D3 comes from which organ?
kidney
51
What are the 3 animal sources for phosphorus?
1. meat
2. bone meal
3. fish meal
52
What are the 3 mineral sources for phosphorus?
1. dicalcium phosphate
2. monocalcium phosphate
3. deflourinated rock phosphate
52
What are the 3 phosphorus sources?
1. minerals
2. animal sources
3. cereals
53
Which 3 hormones are involved in calcium regulation?
1. vitamin D3
2. parathyroid hormone
3. calcitonin
54
The lactating animal is especially susceptible to blood calcium depletion because of what?
milk production
54
What does vitamin D3 do for calcium regulation?
increases plasma calcium
55
What does the parathyroid hormone do for calcium regulation?
increases plasma calcium
56
What does calcitonin do for calcium regulation?
decreases plasma calcium
57
Where does calcitonin come from?
thyroid gland
58
What are the 3 major actions of vitamin D and PTH?
1. increase intestinal absorption of Ca and P
2. increase bone reabsorption
3. decrease urinary excretion
58
What is hypocalcemia?
high demand for calcium in milk during early lactation, so calcium gets pulled from blood to meet the demand
58
Milk fever is also known as what?
hypocalcemia
58
What are the symptoms of hypcalcemia?
listless, staggers, lies down with head retraction, and decreased plasma calcium
58
What are the treatment options for hypocalcemia?
1. IV calcium solution
2. oral calcium bolus
59
What 2 things are required for healthy blood calcium concentrations?
1. proper muscle coordination
2. strength
60
Eclampsia is also called what 2 other things?
milk fever or puerperal tetany
60
What is Eclampsia?
is an acute, life-threatening disease caused by low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia) in dogs and more rarely in cats.
60
Hypocalcemia at parturition: _______ plasma Ca -> _______ PTH -> ________ 1,25(OH)2D3 -> Absorption from the ________ and _______, and reabsorption from ______, -> plasma Ca _______
decreased, increased, increased, GI tract and kidney, bone, increased
61
What is a way to prevent hypocalcemia?
feeding less calcium during dry period
62
What are the signs of eclampsia?
restless, nervous, stiff gait, disoriented, fever
62
Eclampsia most commonly occurs how many weeks after giving birth?
1-3
63
What is 1 way of preventing eclampsia during pregnancy?
do not over supplement calcium
63
What are the 2 sources of magnesium?
1. green plants
2. mineral sources
64
How do you get magnesium through green plants?
from the chlorophyll
65
There are 7 enzymes in glycolysis that require what as a cofactor?
magnesium
65
Sodium and chloride come from which animal sources?
meat meal, meat and bone meal, and fish meals
65
The main function for magnesium is what?
bone formation
65
What are the 4 magnesium sources in minerals?
1. MgCO3
2. MgCl2
3. MgO
4. MgSO4
66
What are the other 3 functions of magnesium?
1. enzyme activation: CHO and lipid metabolism
2. binds mRNA to ribosomes
3. associated with ATP metabolism
67
What are the 3 sources for sodium and chloride?
1. minerals
2. animal sources
3. cereal grains
68
What are the 5 functions of sodium and chloride?
1. electrolytes
2. absorption of glucose and amino acids
3. acid/base balance
4. osmotic pressure balance
5. gastric secretions (chloride)
69
What are the 4 potassium functions?
1. 2/3 of all potassium in the body is in the skin and muscles
2. regulation of osmotic and acid/base balance
3. transmission of nerve impulses
4. cofactor for several reactions in CHO metabolism
70
Which 5 organic compounds is sulfur located in?
1. thiamin
2. biotin
3. methionine
4. cystine
5. cysteine
70
Sulfur is located in what?
organic compounds
70
Which mineral has minimal involvement in acid-base balance?
sulfur
71
Where is iron sourced in plants?
legumes and seed coats
71
What are the 2 sources of Iron?
1. plants
2. animal sources
72
Where is iron found in animal sources?
liver, meat and bone meal, meat meal, blood cells
73
Milk is a poor source of which mineral?
iron
74
What are the 5 functions of iron?
1. in hemoglobin and myoglobin
2. redox processes
3. component of many enzymes
4. immune functions
5. brain functions
75
Which mineral is known as the "metal of life"?
iron
76
Iron absorption primarily occurs where?
proximal small intestine
77
Absorption of plant source iron can be increased by which 5 things?
1. vitamin C
2. meat in diet
3. citric acid and lactic acid from foods
4. HCl in the stomach
5. sugars
78
Absorption of iron is decreased by what 6 things?
1. phytates and fibers
2. polyphenols
3. oxalates
4. calcium and phosphorus in milk
5. tannic acid
6. other minerals like calcium and zinc
79
Iron deficiency is also called what?
anemia
80
What is the most common mineral deficiency worldwide?
iron deficiency
81
At which ages are animals easily deficient in iron?
newborn and young animals
82
What are the 4 population groups for iron deficiency?
1) Infants and Children
2) Adolescents in early growth spurt
3) Females during childbearing years
4) Pregnant women
83
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?
anemia, poor growth, pale skin, transparent ears, labored breathing, enlarged heart, diarrhea
84
Which animal's milk in deficient in iron?
sows
84
Since sow's milk is deficient in iron, what do we need to for baby pigs?
inject with iron dextran
84
What are the symptoms for anemia specifically?
low number of RBCs, decreased RBC cell size, cognitive problems, poor growth, decreased exercise, reduced resistance to infection, pale and itchy skin, decreased cold tolerance
85
Zinc was proved to be required in which year?
1934
85
What are the 2 functions of Zinc?
1. component of metalloenzymes
2. synthesis of skin keratin and collagen
85
Zinc is primarily in which type of tissues?
epithelial
86
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
impaired reproduction, delayed puberty, lesion on skin, disorders of hair, growth retardation, low insulin and high ammonia in blood, low WBC count, anorexia, night blindness
86
High calcium can inhibit ______ absorption.
zinc
87
What binds to zinc?
phytate
88
What are the 3 dietary sources of iodine?
1. seafood
2. milk/dairy products
3. iodized salt
89
Iodine from foods is converted to ______ in the _______.
iodide, GI Tract
90
What is the function of iodine?
is the essential component of thyroid hormones
91
How is iodine regulated in the body?
almost all is absorbed, and excess is removed in urine
92
Iodine deficiency has decreased ________ and ______ ____.
growth, metabolic rate
92
When iodine deficiency occurs, what type of production decreases?
thyroid hormone production
93
What is goiter?
enlarged thyroid gland due to body's attempt to increase thyroid hormone production
94
What is cretinism?
severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy
94
Where are oxalate p, phytate, and tannins found in?
plants that bind minerals tightly so they can't be absorbed
94
During cremation, what are left and what are oxidized?
Left: minerals
Oxidized: muscles, organs, etc.
95
True or false: Na, K, and Cl are electrolytes that regulate acid-base balance and osmolarity of body fluid
TRUE
95
Which cooking methods reduce plant phytate, tannins, and oxalates?
boiling, fermentation, baking, soaking in water
95
Certain foods contain antithyroid substances, which are called what?
goitrogens
95
True or false: Na is the predominant cation in intracellular fluid, whereas K is the predominant cation in extracellular fluid
FALSE, vice versa
96
True or false: The body obtains S through other nutrients, such as amino acids
TRUE
Nutrition
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
Gastric and Intestinal Digestion (E2)88
-
CHO and Monogastrics (E2)114
-
Ruminants (E2)92
-
CHO and Ruminants40
-
Rumen Acidosis60
-
Protein Introduction82
-
Protein Digestion Monogastric74
-
Protein Digestion/Metabolism Ruminant82
-
Lipid Introduction64
-
Lipid Digestion Monogastrics (E3)75
-
Lipid Digestion Ruminants37
-
Minerals145
-
Vitamins129
-
Bioenergetics83
-
CHO Metabolism85
