1
Q
Are vitamins a substitution for a healthy diet?
A
NO
2
Q
Which biochemist named the substance vitamine?
A
Casimir Funk
2
Q
Not all vitamins are amines. What does this mean?
A
not all vitamins contain a nitrogen molecule
3
Q
Which vitamins do not contain nitrogen?
A
C and D
3
Q
What are the 5 functions of vitamins?
A
- nurture growth
- reproduction
- maintain llife
- prevent deficiency diseases
- help enzymes release energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
4
Q
Vitamins are “________” molecules.
A
regulator
5
Q
Do vitamins alone provide energy?
A
NO
6
Q
Vitamins are classified as ________ and ________ diverse.
A
chemically and biologically
7
Q
Which vitamins are water-soluble?
A
B and C
8
Q
Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
A
A,D, E, K
9
Q
Vitamins are not what 2 things?
A
- metabolic fuels
- structural nutrients
10
Q
All vitamins are ________ essential.
A
metabolically
10
Q
Which vitamin is made by large intestine microflora?
A
K
11
Q
Are all vitamins necessarily required in diet?
A
NO
12
Q
Most mammals can synthesize which vitamin from glucose?
A
C
13
Q
Ruminants obtain an adequate supply of which vitamin from bacterial synthesis in rumen?
A
B
14
Q
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
A
with dietary fat across small intestine
15
Q
What percentage are fat soluble vitamins absorbed efficiently?
A
40-90%
16
Q
Absorption is typically regulated by what?
This means that the increase for ______ -> increased absorption rate.
A
regulated by need, need
17
Q
Fat soluble vitamins are transported away from which organ, in which molecule, via the what?
A
small intestine, chylomicron, lymph
18
Q
Excess fat soluble vitamins accumulate in the ______ and in this tissue: ________.
A
liver, adipose
18
Q
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored or repackaged for delivery?
A
liver
19
Q
Do animals need to consume fat soluble vitamins on a daily basis?
A
NO
19
Q
Can toxicities occur when fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver?
A
YES
20
Toxicities are almost always associated with what?
supplements
21
Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?
small intestine
21
Absorption of water soluble vitamins is often high regulated by what 2 things?
1. other vitamins
2. binding proteins in sm intestine
22
Water soluble vitamins are transported away from the _________ in the ______.
sm intestine, blood
23
Water soluble vitamins are not typically stored, instead what happens?
kidney filters excess into urine
24
Are toxicities rare for water soluble vitamins?
YES
25
Do animals need to consume water soluble vitamins daily?
YES
26
Which vitamins are co-factors to help release energy from other things?
B
27
B-Complex vitamins can be made into/help with what 3 things?
1. energy releasing
2. hematopoietic
3. other
28
Fat soluble vitamins are closely associated with the absorption and transport of lipids that requires what and is transported by what?
requires: bile salts
transported by: chylomicrons
29
Water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into what?
portal blood
30
Water soluble vitamins are not retained by the body for long periods of time. What is the 1 vitamin that is an exception?
B12
31
Water soluble vitamins are excreted is urine when?
plasma levels exceed normal
32
Are vitamins found in all types of feedstuffs?
YES
33
What can decrease the amount of vitamins in feed?
feed processing
34
Vitamins from _____ foods are generally more digestible/bioavailable than those in _______.
animal, plants
35
What are 5 ways destruction of vitamins can occur?
1. oxygen
2. light
3. heat
4. acid
5. trace minerals
36
Vitamins lose what over time?
activity
37
Fat soluble vitamins are measured in which units?
IU (international units)
38
When feed is stored for a longer amount of time what happens to the percentage of vitamins?
decreases
39
Other vitamins are measured in which kind of units?
weight: ug, mg, g, etc
40
What kind of vitamins function as vitamins only after undergoing a chemical change in the body?
Provide an example.
provitamins
Example: B-carotene-> 2 vitamin A
41
Foods from animal sources provide various ______ that are easily converted to _____ in the body.
retinoids, retinol
42
Foods from plant sources do not contain which vitamin?
A
43
What do foods from plant sources provide that are a precursor for vitamin A?
carotenoids
44
What is the highest activity caroteniod?
B-carotene
45
Carotenoids must be action upon in the _____ or by the ____ to form _______.
gut, liver, retinol
46
Which vitamin gives the red, orange, and yellow pigments of plants?
A
47
Lycopene is a _______.
carotenoid
48
Which 2 sources can you get vitamin A from?
1. animal
2. plant
48
Vitamin A is an __________.
antioxidant
49
Vitamin A is stored where?
liver
50
What are the 4 animal sources you can get vitamin A from?
1. liver
2. milk
3. egg yolk
4. fish
51
What is vitamin A important for?
sight
52
What is the only fat soluble vitamin that animals can synthesis in this presence of sunlight?
D
52
What are the 2 plant sources you can get vitamin A from?
1. alfalfa
2. green leafy vegetables
52
What masks the red/orange color is green plants?
chlorophyll
53
Vitamin D is also known as what? Why is this?
calciferol, role in calcium absorption
54
What is the main role of vitamin D?
regulate and maintain calcium and potassium levels
55
Which vitamin acts more as a hormone than a vitamin?
D
56
Which vitamin can be made from chlosterol?
D
57
Vitamin D2 = _______
ergocalciferol
57
Vitamin D3 = _______
Chloecalciferol
57
Which vitamin is not naturally found in many foods?
D
57
Which animal product is fortified with vitamin D?
fluid milk products
58
Vitamin D = _______
calciferol
59
Rickets can be caused by what? Which vitamin does this indicate?
lack of sunlight or insufficient calcium and phosphorus, D
60
What are the 2 main functions of vitamin D?
1. bone development
2. hormone regulation and cell growth
60
Which 2 minerals and 1 vitamin all go together?
Ca, P, Vitamin D
61
Is vitamin D always essential? Why or why not?
not always, if exposed to enough sunlight the body can make it
62
What is vitamin D made from?
cholestorol
63
What are the 3 ways vitamin D can be formed?
1. skin
2. liver
3. kidney
64
How can vitamin d be formed by the skin?
by UV light
65
How can vitamin D be formed by the kidney?
Oh group added by 1 hydroxylase
65
How can vitamin D be formed by the liver?
with an OH group added (V: D3)
66
Where is the active form of Vitamin D formed?
kidney
67
Vitamin D deficiency happens during which months and above which latitude?
Nov-Feb
North of the 37* latitude line
67
What can occur in young animals with vitamin D deficiency?
rickets
68
What can occur in older animals with vitamin D deficiency?
osteomalacia and/or osteoporosis
69
What can occur in poultry with vitamin D deficiency?
decreased egg production and hatchability, and thin shelled eggs
70
What are some signs of vitamin D toxicity?
anorexia, nausea, hypertension, hyper-calcification of soft tissue, and hypercalcemia
71
What vitamin is tocopherol?
E
72
Vitamin E is used as what in foods?
antioxidant
72
What is a essential factor for rodent reproduction?
vitamin E
73
What are the 2 sources for vitamin E?
1. plant sources
2. animal sources
74
What are the 2 animal sources for vitamin K?
1. liver
2. milk
74
What are the 2 plant sources for vitamin E?
1. cereal grains
2. vegetable and seed oils
74
What are the 3 sources for vitamin K?
1. plant
2. animal
3. bacteria in the large intestine or rumen
75
Beef cattle are fed high levels of which vitamin right before slaughter? What does this do?
Vitamin E
Improve shelf life
75
What are the 2 main functions of vitamin K?
1. clotting factors
2. stimulates bone formation and decreases bone resorption
75
Vitamin E sources from animals are concentrated in ______ tissues.
fatty
75
Which vitamin contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors?
K
75
Can half of the vitamin K needs come from large intestine bacteria?
YES
76
Which vitamin can be reactivated to continue biological action?
K
76
Which vitamin works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes 2 bone proteins?
K
77
What are the 3 plant sources for vitamin K?
1. green leafy vegetables
2. some oils
3. broccoli
78
Clotting factors are synthesized in the ______ as _______ precursors.
liver, inactive
79
Which vitamin converts inactive precursors to active precursors for clotting factors?
K
80
Vitamin K converts active forms for the conversions of: prothrombin -> _________ (active enzyme) and Formation: fibrinogen -> ______
thrombin, fibrin
81
What are the 2 antagonists of vitamin K? Why?
1. dicourmarol
2. warfarin
They both prevent coagulation
82
What is coagulation?
forming a blood clot
83
Where is dicoumarol found in? What disease is this called?
moldy sweet clover, sweet clover disease
84
Vitamin B acts primarily as what in metabolic pathways?
coenzymes
85
Which vitamin is important for ATP production?
B
85
What are the 2 water-soluble vitamins?
B and C
86
Which vitamin has a dietary requirement that is closely linked to metabolic rate?
B
86
Which vitamin is present in plant and animal cells?
B
86
An increaase in metabolic rate means an increase need for which vitamin?
B
87
For horses or most colonic fermenters, is hindgut bacterial synthesis and absorption sufficient?
NO
87
Ruminant requirements are met entirely by rumen bacterial synthesis for which vitamin?
B
87
Which vitamin must continually be supplied in the diet or by ruminal synthesis?
B
87
What helps recycle and better utilize vitamin for cecal fermenters?
coprophagy
88
B Vitamins are better absorbed in which kind of source? Particularly what?
animal sources, protein
88
What is the main symptom of vitamin B deficiency?
fatigue
89
Why is fatigue the main symptom is vitamin B deficiency?
energy passes through the feces
90
Where is vitamin C found?
citrus fruits, cabbages, green leafy vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables
91
Ascorbic acid or ascorbate is which vitamin?
C
92
Vitamin C is destroyed by what 2 things?
1. exposure to oxygen
2. heat
93
Most mammals synthesis which vitamin from glucose including farm animals?
C
94
Which 2 species require a dietary source of vitamin C?
1. primates
2. guinea pigs
95
What are the 6 unctions/features of vitamin C?
1. is an antioxidant
2. assists as cofactor in collagen formation
3. helps in the hydroxylation of carnitine
4. conversion of tryptophan to neurotransmitters serotonin and noerphinephrine
5. enhances iron absorption
6. regulates the absorption of copper
95
Humans and other primates lack which terminal enzyme in the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway?
gulonolactone oxidase
96
What is the disease called foe vitamin C deficiency in humans?
scurvy
97
What is scurvy?
structural defects of bone and connective tissue
98
What are the symptoms of scurvy?
Main: loose teeth, bleeding gums/other gum problems, scaly and dry skin
Others: neurological symptoms, fatigue, loss of appetite, slow wound healing, frequent infections, edema, diarrhea
Nutrition
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
Gastric and Intestinal Digestion (E2)88
-
CHO and Monogastrics (E2)114
-
Ruminants (E2)92
-
CHO and Ruminants40
-
Rumen Acidosis60
-
Protein Introduction82
-
Protein Digestion Monogastric74
-
Protein Digestion/Metabolism Ruminant82
-
Lipid Introduction64
-
Lipid Digestion Monogastrics (E3)75
-
Lipid Digestion Ruminants37
-
Minerals145
-
Vitamins129
-
Bioenergetics83
-
CHO Metabolism85
