mini exam 2

Question 1

therapeutic communication

Answer 1

Specialized form of communication used by healthcare professionals to establish a therapeutic or healing relationship with patients

Question 2

patient-centered approach

Answer 2

recognize the patient or designee as the source of information and a full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient’s preferences, values, and needs.

Question 3

therapeutic evaluation

Answer 3

i. Reflect on the response – restate when the patient said
ii. Compare responses to desired goals
iii. Revise if message is ineffective

Question 4

know verbal vs. nonverbal comms

Answer 4

okay

Question 5

SOLER

Answer 5

squarely face the person
open posture
lean towards speaker
eye contact
relax

Question 6

characteristics of therapeutic comms

Answer 6

active-listening, empathy, respect, genuineness, clarification

Question 7

thera comms techniques

Answer 7

providing information, sharing observations, sharing feelings, sharing empathy, sharing hope, sharing humor, using touch, using silence, clarifying, offering self, active listening, asking relevant questions

Question 8

barriers to effective comms

Answer 8

language/culture
emotional/psychological factors
environmental distraction
personal biases
patient cognitive/sensory impairments
education
fear, anxiety
pain

Question 9

role of therapeutic communication in patient care

Answer 9

building rapport and trust
facilitating patient expression of needs and concerns
promoting patient safety and satisfaction
supporting patient-centered care

Question 10

what is health disparity

Answer 10

differences in health outcomes and access to care among diff population groups

Question 11

causes of health disparities

Answer 11

poverty, lack of insurance, limited access to healthcare services, social determinants of health

Question 12

what agency has monitored healthcare quality and disparities to identify opportunities for improvement

Answer 12

agency for healthcare research and quality

Question 13

priority health disparities

Answer 13

 Maternal Health – apparently the U.S. has the highest maternal mortality rate among industrialized countries
 Child & Adolescent Mental Health – almost 20% of children and adolescents ages 3-17 in the U.S. have a mental, emotional, developmental, or behavioral disorder
 Substance Use Disorder – defined as the misuse of illicit drugs, prescription drugs, and alcohol.
 Oral Health - necc for good nutr, quality sleep, school/work attendance.

Question 14

minority health contributing factors

Answer 14

systemic & structural racism - Residential segregations, unfair lending practices, barriers to home ownership and accumulating wealth, public schools dependance on local property taxes, environmental injustice, voter suppression polices
income inequality
discrimination

Question 15

minority health - covid 19 impact

Answer 15

Exacerbated existing disparities in minority communities
* Individuals from minority communities experienced a higher risk for infection, more hospitalizations, and even more death related to COVID-19.

Question 16

what is population health

Answer 16

comprehensive approach that spans the entire health care continuum, from public health prevention to disease management. A field of study that focuses on the health needs of specific group of people. Holistic approach – includes distribution of outcomes within the group

Question 17

population health focus example

Answer 17

narrow focus on a specific subset in any given population, those with diabetes or children with sickle cell anemia

Question 18

components of population health

Answer 18

Considers – environmental, social, behavioral factors
Includes – collaborative efforts among health care professionals, communities, industries, academia, and governmental organizations
Outcomes—all possible results
Take a holistic approach for groups of people, not individuals.
Disparities—inequalities or differences
Determinants—factors that influence health and include nonmedical events
Social determinants of health
Risk Factors—aspects of personal behaviors, lifestyle choices, exposures, or attributes that generally increase the likelihood of contracting or developing disorders and diseases

Question 19

trends in public health nursing

Answer 19

tech - public health informativs (PHI) integration (so providers can have access to health, social, and environmental data) & telemedicine (concern with erosion of the relationships btw clients and providers)
aging - more chronic illness, increased HC spending, provider shortage, quality of life ethical issues, baby boomer retirement

Question 20

other trends in pub health nursing

Answer 20

medicalization - increase use of pharmaceuticals takes focus away from preventative lifestyle changes

Question 21

global health concerns

Answer 21

climate (major health risks, nurses can advocate for climate-friendly health policies)
food insecurity (increased with pandemic lockdowns and shortages)
human trafficking (40 mill worldwide, under-reported)

Question 22

role of nurses in population health

Answer 22

advocate for health equity
educate communities on prevention
collab with public health systems
use data to inform care and interventions

Question 23

framework - ecological model

Answer 23

shows how internal and external factors affect health behavior on multiple levels of society. Helpful for looking at which determinants pos/neg affect health behaviors
i. Internal (beliefs)
ii. Interpersonal (interactions with others)
iii. Institutional (rules and regulations of an organization)
iv. Community-related (social norms)
v. Public policy (laws and policies by the government on any level)

Question 24

framework - health belief model

Answer 24

looks at the internal factors that motivate people to practice behaviors

Question 25

framework - stages of change/transtheoretical model

Answer 25

The readiness for a person to adopt a healthy behavior happens in stages i. Precontemplative ii. Contemplative – seeing the need for change but blocked by barriers iii. Preparation – creating a plan to change iv. Action – implementing the plan v. Maintenance – implementing and maintaining the plan for change vi. Termination – the healthy behavior is ingrained without thoughts of reverting back

Question 26

framework - social cognitive theory

Answer 26

provides opportunities for social support through instilling expectations, self-efficacy, and using observational learning and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change

Question 27

framework - upstream/downstream thinking

Answer 27

Downstream thinking focuses on the individual’s current problems without looking at the larger systemic and social issues Upstream thin focuses on those larger systemic and social issues and seeks to address them.

Question 28

framework - pender's health promotion

Answer 28

internal motivation factors to adopt healthy lifestyle, People are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors when they perceive less barriers, see greater benefits, and believe in their own abilities

Question 29

up, mid, and down stream impact examples

Answer 29

population impact (up) - policies that change regulation, increase access, provide economic incentives to impact health across a pop organizational impact (mid) - approaches that happen with specific orgs to improve health outcomes individual impact (down) - interventions that focus on the behavior of individual people to modify the risk of disease

Question 30

core functions of public health

Answer 30

assessment policy development assurance

Question 31

social determinants of health (SDOH)

Answer 31

economic stability - employment education access and quality - affordable health care access and quality - regular wellness check-ups, reliable health education, and availability of health care providers, services, and facilities neighborhood and built environment - safety and resources social and community context - support systems for mental and social well-being

Question 32

healthy people 2030 goals

Answer 32

Promote health and well-being. Eliminate disparities and improve health equity. Create supportive environments. Encourage healthy behaviors across life stages. Engage leadership and communities in health improvement

Question 33

levels of prevention - primary

Answer 33

targeting the well populaiton to implement interventions that will prevent poor health conditions - teaching kids to eat healthy, clean air act

Question 34

levels of prevention - secondary

Answer 34

those within the population who are possibly ‘at risk’ for having a condition that the community health team was trying to prevent on the primary level. Completed through screenings/assessments so early treatment can begin if needed. Could be blood pressure screening or testing for disease (TB skin test). Early treatment might health service referral, medication, quarantine, or mandatory reporting. - monitor and help with asthma, support group, financial assistance

Question 35

levels of prevention - tertiary

Answer 35

target = those in the population who have the condition and now need help to manage it. Goal = minimize complications and maximize good health. Could include health education on how to manage the condition, rehabilitation services, and long-term social support. - Med management for diabetes

Question 36

levels of prevention - primordial

Answer 36

affects populations by reducing overall risk

Question 37

health equity vs health equality

Answer 37

equity - ensuring everyone has a fair and just opportunity, gets to the same point equality - providing equal treatment and access regardless of circumstances