AUBF > MISCELLANEOUS > Flashcards

MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards

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1
Q

SPUTUM

DERIVED FROM _____,_____,______

Secretion of the_______(lining the respiratory tract)

Mucus secretion of goblet cells and other organs associated with_______

A

Alveoli
trachea
bronchi of the pulmonary tract

Goblet cells

Respiratory epithelium

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2
Q

Hallmark of sputum

Macrophages with_____

A

Dust cells

Carbon deposits

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3
Q

2 sputum preservation

A

Refrigeration

Use of 10% formaldehyde

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4
Q

Cannot be used for bacteriologic purpose because of its bacteriostatic effect

A

10% formaldehyde

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5
Q

SPUTUM COLLECTION

MOUTH SHOULD BE FREE FROM A FOREIGN OBJECTS (3)

A

Remove food, gum, or tobacco

Remove dentures

Gargle prior to collection

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6
Q

_______ Specimen is the best

A

Early morning

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7
Q

SPUTUM COLLECTION

INDUCE SPUTUM IF NECESSARY (4)

A

Nebulized hypertonic, or distilled water

Chest percussion

Postural drainage

Aerosolized 15% sodium chloride and 10% glycerin

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8
Q

Cough into________

Never use______

A

Sterile cup

Paper cups

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9
Q

Fixation of sputum for cytology (prevents air drying)

Patient expectorates into a ___________

Spread fresh sputum on slide and spray ___________

A

Jar of 70% ethanol

Pap’s fixative

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10
Q

Tuberculosis culture may be stored at_______ for up to______

A

Room temperature

48 hours

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11
Q

Sputum physical characteristics (6)

A

Quantity/volume

Consistency

Reaction

Turbidity

Odor

Color

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11
Q

SPUTUM QUANTITY

Volume:

Small amount not always normal
Diseases associated: (3)

Over 100cc/24 hours
Diseases associated: (3)

Over 500cc/24 hours
Disease associated: (1)

Over 1000cc/24 hours
Diseases associated: (4)

A

No specific volume

Early PTB
Acute bronchitis
Pneumonia

Pulmonary edema
Broncheictasis characterized by bronchial dilation/ swelling of bronchi
Lung abscess-lesion on lungs because of infection

Amoebic abscess infection caused by parasite

Severe Broncheictasis
Cavity TB M hole on lungs/ white spots on the lungs
Chronic bronchitis
Acute edema of the lungs

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11
Q

SPUTUM CONSISTENCY (5)

currant jelly
Klebsiella pneumonia infection
Pneumococcal pneumonia

also appear frothy
Follows asthma exacerbation

Chronic bronchitis

Stagnant, purulent sputum
Bronchiecstasis
Lung abcess

A

Watery

Blood gelatinous sputum

Stringy mucoid sputum

Cloudy, mucoid sputum

Three layered appearance

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12
Q

Responsible for sputum viscosity

A

Sialic acid

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13
Q

SPUTUM REACTION

Slighty____

pH_____

A

Acidic

6.5 - 7.0

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14
Q

Sputum turbidity

Air bubble or hemoglobin
Pulmonary edema

Bronchiecstasis
TB with cavities

Saliva
Nasal secretions

A

Frothy sputum or serous

Mucoid

Foamy, clear materials

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15
Q

SPUTUM ODOR

Normal:

Abnormal: (4)

A

Ordorless

Sweetish
Putrid or foul
Cheesy ordor
Fecal odor

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15
Q

Odor due to fusobacteria and spirochetes, anaerobic infections, Necrotizing bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Putrid or foul

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15
Q

Odor it pulmonary tuberculosis with cavities, bronchiecstasis, bronchomoniliasis

A

Sweetish

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16
Q

Odor in necrosis or malignant tumors and perforating emphysema

A

Cheesy ordor

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17
Q

Odor in rupture sunphrenic or liver abcess and in enteric gram negative products

A

Fecal odor

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17
Q

SPUTUM COLOR

Normally, the color is greatly influenced by______

A

Pus

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18
Q

SPUTUM COLOR

A
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19
Q

COLOR WHEN MADE OF MUCUS ONLY

A

Colorless or translucent or opaque

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20
COLOR WHEN PUS IS PRESENT SEEN IN ADVANCE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, JAUNDICE, AND LOBAR PNEUMONIA
White or yellow
21
COLOR WHEN PUS AND EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE PRESENT
Grey
22
COLOR WHEN BILE S IS PRESENT IN JAUNDICE, RUPTURE OF THE LIVER ABCESS, INFECTION CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Bright green or greenish
23
COLOR WHEN THERE IS A FRESH BLOOD OR NEW HEMORRHAGE, AND IF BLOOD STREAKS ARE PRESENT
Bright red or red
24
COLOR WHEN OLD BLOOD IS PRESENT
Anchovy sauce or rusty brown
25
Color if there is pneumonia and chronic cancer of the lungs
Prune-juice
26
Color if there is lobar pneumonia
Rusty red
27
Color if there is a cancer
Olive green or grass green
28
Color indicates inhalation of dust or dirt, carbon charcoal in cases, anthracosis and heavy smokers
Black
29
Color due to destruction of neutrophils and release of verdo peroxidase
Yellow green
30
fragments of necrotic tissue, pulmonary tissue or bits cartilaginous rings from pinpoint to pin size Present in so-called nummular sputum
Cheesy masses
31
Seen in bronchial asthma Yellowish white spirally twisted mucoid strands
Curschmann’s spiral
32
Branching tree-like cast of the Bronchi
Bronchial cast
33
Yellow of grat caseous masses Pinhead Emits foul odor when crushed
Dittrich’s bodies/ plugs
34
Bronchioliths or pneumoliths Small calcified nodules or stagnant contents of cavities
Lung stone
35
Include conclusions formed in the bronchi, made of calcium carbonate and phosphate, such as pollen seeds and dust
Foreign bodies
36
Echinococcus granulosus Taxoplasma canis Paragonimus westermanii
Parasites
37
Must be treated first with KOH or NaOH to dissolve mucus (8)
Elastic fibers Curschmann’s spiral Crystals Myelin globules Actinomyces hominis Moulds and yeast Creola bodies Blood cells
38
normally, present in the walls of alveoli bronchioles and blood vessels
Elastic fibers
39
Yellow, wavy threads Usually coiled it into balls seen in bright colorless with central lines
Curschmann’s spiral
40
Seen in bronchial asthma arises from the disintegration of eosinophil Stains black in hematoxylin and red with eosin Often Octahedral or hexagonal in shape
Charcot leyden crystals
41
Rhombic and brownish red Arranged in rosettes Breaking down of old blood
Hematoidin
42
Colorless thin rhombic plates with notched corner Indicates stasis with fatty degeneration of exudates
Cholesterol crystals
43
Long colorless needles arrange in seeves
Fatty acid crystal
44
Blood pigmented cells chiefly hemosiderin Round, grayish or colorless Diffuse staining Found in congestive heart failure
Heart failure cell
45
Contain carbon and less important Angular black granules, both intracellular and extracellular Seed in anthracosis, heavy, tobacco smokers, and people living in smoky atmosphere
Carbon-laden crystals
46
With lead or no clinical significance Colorless, round, oval, or ear shaped globules Resembles fat droplets and yeast like fungi Large structures show peculiar concentric Abundant in scanty morning sputum Absent or scarce in specimen with inflammatory exodus
Myelin globules
47
Small and yellowish structures with sulphur granules seen with unaided eye Similar structure with actinomyces bovis Consist of a network of threads Seen in Actinomycotic pulmonary infection
Actinomyces hominis
48
Hyphae are rods, usually joined or branched and arrange in meshwork Grow in sputum upon long standing of tuberculosis specimen
Moulds and yeast
49
Cluster of ciliated columnar cells found in sputum of asthmatic patients
Creola bodies
50
Major blood present in sputum Increased when pus is present
Leukocyte
51
Detected by guiac or benzidine test
Erythrocytes
52
Three layers of sputum after standing or after 24 hours of standing
Carbohydrate mucus layer (upper layer) Opaque water material (middle layer) Sediment (third layer or bottom)
53
Common eccrine glands function in regulation of the body temperature Innervated by cholinergenic nerve and type of exocrine gland Exception is the analysis of sweat for chloride and sodium levels in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
Sweat
54
Also known as____ Autosomal, recessive, inherited disease that affects the exocrine glands and causes electrolyte and mucus abnormalities
Cystic fibrosis
55
Introduced into skin by iontophoresis to stimulate locally increased sweat gland secretion
Pilocarpine nitrate iontophoresis By Gibson and cooke
56
Site of ionophoresis Sweat should only be collected from the__or___ Area for stimulation must be free from____ Skin should be cleaned with_____ washed follow by drying with paper tissue
Arms or leg legs Skin lesions Distilled water
57
Pad is sealed tightly to prevent evaporation and remove in the morning. The pad weighed diluted with water and analyze for sodium and chloride.
Gauze pad
58
Macroduct collection Brown: Red: Blue: Blue-black:
Ochronosis Rifampin overdose Occupation exposure to copper Idiopathic chronhidrosis
59
Should approximate chloride concentration it is measured to provide better quality control
Sodium
60
Use osmometer method for measuring sweat Electrolytes provides a means for evaluation of young infants without subjecting them to the __________ Test should be performed on infants older than___
Electrolytes Rigos traditional sweat collection method 8 days
61
Sodium reference range Normal: Abnormal: Equivocal: Chloride reference range Normal: Abnormal: Equivocal:
< 70 meq/L > 90 meq/L 70 - 90 meq/L < 50 meq/L > 60 meq/L 50 - 60 meq/L
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