Module 02 Section 01 +02

Question 1

What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

-study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events (including disease) and the application of the study to control disease and health problems

Question 2

What are the benefits of epidemiological measurements?

Answer 2

-help health professionals make informed decisions on how to use resources to prevent disease and promote health

Question 3

Why does measurement matter?

Answer 3

-assess if plan is working, where are mistakes and what should i change

Question 4

What are the two conditions for reaching data sovereignty for indig pop?

Answer 4

-decolonization of data and indig data governance

Question 5

What is decolonization of data?

Answer 5

data is collected through colonial frameworks, there are 5D’s of the colonization of Indig data

Question 6

What are the five D’s of colonizing of data?

Answer 6

-disparity, depravation, disadvantage, dysfunction and difference
-classify indig pop as problematic and in need of help

Question 7

What is indigenous data governance for decolonization of data?

Answer 7

once data is collected deciding who should have governance and who should use that data needs to be considered

Question 8

What is good about increased access to Indig data?

Answer 8

• for communities to determine how to make decisions regarding why how and by whom info is collected used or shared

Question 9

What is prevalence?

Answer 9

measures disease burden

Question 10

What is the prevalence formula?

Answer 10

-number of affected persons in population / the number of all persons at risk
-point is one time (number of cases at that time/ total pop at that time) and period is over a period of time (number of cases a period of time / av pop during that time)

Question 11

What is incidence?

Answer 11

the number of new cases of disease during a specific time period / number of persons at risk for the disease during that same period

Question 12

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Answer 12

-prevalence is good for allocation of health services
-prevalence is lower with shorter duration and higher with longer duration of disease

Question 13

What is incidence measuring?

Answer 13

-how quickly new cases of a disease arise in a pop over a defined period of time
-measure of risk
-only measures new cases not existing cases

Question 14

What is cumulative incidence?

Answer 14

-proportion of the pop who developed the disease over a period of time

Question 15

Formula for cumulative incidence?

Answer 15

number of new cases of a disease over a period of time / total pop at risk (includes those who already have the disease)

Question 16

What would be reasons for an increased at risk population?

Answer 16

births and immigration

Question 17

What would be reasons for a decreased at risk population?

Answer 17

-high incidence, high death rate from other causes, emigration

Question 18

Look at key characteristics of incidence and prevalence

Question 19

Why do you need to measure progress?

Answer 19

to get over river of myths

Question 20

What is crude mortality rate?

Answer 20

count of all deaths over specified period of time divided by the pop at midpoint of time period considered (reported per 100,000)

Question 21

Formula for crude mortality rate?

Answer 21

number of deaths over time period x 100,000 / population at midpoint of time period (does not take into account age or anything)

Question 22

What are the two types of crude mortality rate?

Answer 22

-all cause mortality: considers death for any reason in the pop
-cause specific MR: measures the deaths in a pop from specific disease

Question 23

What does specific mortality rate use for calculating?

Answer 23

-numerator only encompasses deaths of individuals who meet subgroup criteria and denominator is subgroup pop at midpoint of time period (does not take into account age or anything like that)

Question 24

How are standardized mortality rates calculated?

Answer 24

-when comparing mortality rates in two pop that differ in terms of characteristics that are known to influence mortality (age)

Question 25

What are measurement limitations in developing countries?

Answer 25

can be hard to get morbidity and mortality in developing countries -due to how people live and the system make it hard for vital event registration to be up to date -some people die at home or dont go to health facilities

Question 26

What portion of world pop isnt counted and not registered? what does this impact?

Answer 26

2/3 to 3/4 -may lead to inaccurate health interventions and policies and inaccurate issues addressed

Question 27

What is a verbal autopsy?

Answer 27

-survey/interview process where fieldworkers go to deceased persons house and family and ask how they died, symptoms, circumstances then responses given to doctors where the come up with what happened and document it

Question 28

What is now being used for this process of a verbal autopsy?

Answer 28

-computer coding -standardized survey done-computer for statistical reasoning- list of probabilities/liklihoods -now apps on phones that do this so faster and at same time

Question 29

Limitation of verbal autopsys

Answer 29

-reliability of what family says -give cause of death but may be traumatic for families and need counseling -doctors may get diffeent reasons for death based off test answers

Question 30

What is relative risk?

Answer 30

-how many times more likely one group of people will become ill compared to another group -

Question 31

Formula for RR

Answer 31

-a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)

Question 32

What does a RR below 1 mean? Same as 1? Above 1?

Answer 32

the primary interest group has a lower risk of disease risk of disease is equal in both groups primary interest group has higher risk of disease

Question 33

What has to happen to RR values before they can be interpreted and used?

Answer 33

subject to tests of significance as that will check whether or not discrepancy could have occured by chance alone

Question 34

What is Odds Ratio?

Answer 34

-used in absence of information about the incidence of an entire pop -use info of primary group and comparative group

Question 35

Formula for Odds Ratio?

Answer 35

- a x d / b x c

Question 36

What is DALY?

Answer 36

direct composition of the burden across diseases -sum burden across disease -used to compare treated to untreated diseases -used to compare interventions

Question 37

How is DALY calculated?

Answer 37

-combines mortality and morbidity -life years lost plus Disability adjusted

Question 38

What is a limitation of DALY?

Answer 38

you have to gather a lot of info (# of people, #shorter life, #disability) -this causes effort and money

Question 39

formula for DALY?

Answer 39

years lived with disability + years of life lost

Question 40

How do u calculate YLD

Answer 40

-multiples the # of years a person has a condition that affects QoL -0 (perfect health)-1 (death) -prevalence x disability weighting factor

Question 41

What is YLL good for?

Answer 41

-indicator of premature mortality and two defining characteristics: takes into account age of death, places more weight on illness that result in early mortality rate

Question 42

How to calculate YLL?

Answer 42

- (# of deaths) x (life expectancy - death)

Question 43

Criticism of DALY's

Answer 43

-has an abelist lens by weighting disability able bodied people are valued more highly -doesnt take into account age which is related to persons ability to contribute to society

Question 44

Supports of DALY?

Answer 44

prioritizes interventions based on peoples potential to contribute to society is currently the best option

Question 45

How do some communities keep track of and pass down burden of disease?

Answer 45

-keep track and pass down knowledge of disease through story telling, oral history and oral record keeping in addition to written record keeping

Question 46

What are oral histories and storytelling?

Answer 46

convey events from the past and offer lessons or cuationaty tales to the listener -specific to time period or special event that happened

Question 47

What are some key aspects of storytelling?

Answer 47

-more creative and imaginative to better emphasize teaching and lesson -some communities have orators who have permission to tell stories even if not their own -lose these people lose protection to disease

Question 48

Example of how we can blend oral and written record keeping?

Answer 48

-oral is intrinsic to some cultures and society -some indig communities imposed the strict lockdowns to control covid -reminded communities to stay together, protect culture and protect vulnerable and self isolate