MODULE 1

Question 1

what are 2 forms of ancestral knowledge of microbes

Answer 1

mouldy bread to treat skin wounds
fermented food and bev

Question 2

what is the miasma theory

Answer 2

Invisible things were in the air (from something rotten) causing disease

Question 3

who were the 2 people that started the microbiology field

Answer 3

Robert Hooke
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 4

what did louis Pasteur do for the golden age of biology

Answer 4

fermentation
pasteurization

Question 5

what was Robert Koch famous for

Answer 5

Established link between disease and microbes

Question 6

who discovered the Microcosm and Crossfeeding

Answer 6

Sergei Winogradski

Question 7

who discovered Nitrogen fixing

Answer 7

Martinus Beikerink

Question 8

the prokaryotes are

Answer 8

bacteria and archaea

Question 9

the eukaryotes are

Answer 9

Protist and Fungi

Question 10

TF Viruses are alive

Answer 10

F, they are not cellular and dont have any ribosomal RNA

Question 11

whats the spontaneous generation theory

Answer 11

living things arise from non living matter

Question 12

the eukaryotic Ribosome sizes are

Answer 12

18S and 80S

Question 13

the prokaryotic ribosome sizes are

Answer 13

70S and 16S

Question 14

what is “Asgard”

Answer 14

the Archaic group that gave rise to the eukaryotes

Question 15

How dk we name cellular life

Answer 15

genus and species are italicized

Question 16

What are the types of microscope

Answer 16

Light
Electron (magnets)
Scanning (probes)

Question 17

What is resolution

Answer 17

distinguish 2 adjacent objects
- limitations due to wave length - shorter is better

Question 18

What is contrast

Answer 18

difference in brightness between structures

Question 19

what are the qualities of a brightfield microscope (3)

Answer 19

dark image on light background
Lacks contrast/resolution
Not effective unless stained

Question 20

What is the gram staining process

Answer 20

fix the sample
stain
iodine
alcohol
Safranin
Rinse

Question 21

What is the basic stain and what does it stain for

Answer 21

crystal violet
Negatively charges molecs

Question 22

what colour is an acid stain and what does it stain for

Answer 22

pink/rose
+ve charged molecs

Question 23

what is a negative stain and what does it target

Answer 23

nigrosine
Stains the background

Question 24

What does the gram stain identify

Answer 24

bacteria with or without membrane

Question 25

what does the acid stain indentify

Answer 25

gram positive with or without wax layer(mycolic acids)

Question 26

When a cell is gram +ve, the color is ______ which means the CW is _____________, and has ______ outer membrane

Answer 26

purple Too thick No

Question 27

a gram -ve bacteria is coloured ______, the cell wall is _______, and it _________ an outer membrane

Answer 27

pink Too thin Has

Question 28

what color is an acid fast +ve and what does it mean

Answer 28

pink Wax layer present on cell wall

Question 29

what color is an acid fast -ve and what does it mean

Answer 29

purple No wax layer

Question 30

What are the properties of a darkfield microscope

Answer 30

dark background light object Good way to observe motility Better resolution than brightfield

Question 31

what are the qualities of the phase contrast microscope

Answer 31

annular ring (alters light properties) Light goes thru specimen white "glow" - dark background

Question 32

how does phase contrast compare to light microscope

Answer 32

better resolution and contrast (in living samples) better for specialized structures (organelles of euks)

Question 33

what are the characteristics of fluorescence light microscopy

Answer 33

Has fluorochromes (natural or added) Excitation w light source (UV or Blue light) Emit visible light

Question 34

in fluorescent staining the dyes are

Answer 34

fluorochromes

Question 35

what do the fluorochromes do

Answer 35

attach to antibodies, lectins, and DNA

Question 36

what are the traits of electron microscopy

Answer 36

Higher resolving power Can see smaller structures

Question 37

TEM has _____ resolution and _______

Answer 37

high, magnification

Question 38

what must be done to specimens in order to do TEM

Answer 38

freeze and thinly slice, electrons don't penetrate thick structures

Question 39

what happens in SEM and whats the result

Answer 39

electrons bounce off surface Gives 3D image

Question 40

what microscopy can we NOT use if we want to see a living cell

Answer 40

SEM TEM Brightfield (stain)

Question 41

what microscopy do we use if we want to see a living cell

Answer 41

Brightfield (no stain), Darkfield, Phase contrast, Fluorescent

Question 42

when you stain you _____

Answer 42

kill