MODULE 2 Flashcards by Sam Pratt

what happens when we centrifuge ribsoses

heavier ones will go to the bottom
- Depending on where they are at the end of the centrifuge gives them their number

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what is unresolved vs resolved resolution

Unresolved
○ Too much light emitted, makes 2 objects close together look like one (contrast)
Resolved
○ Able to identify the 2 things apart

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which type of microscopy produces high vs low magnification

High = Electron
Low = Light

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what do the iodine, alcohol, and safranin do in gram +ve staining

○ Iodine
§ Makes dye less soluble
○ Alcohol
§ Washes away colour from gram -ve
○ Safranin
§ Counter stain binds to gram -ve cells

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what are the solutions we use for acid fast staining

Arbol fuchsin stain
Acid alcohol
Methylene blue (counter stain)

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if we want to see the internal organs we use

TEM

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if we want to see the surface of a specimen we use

SEM

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what is spontaneous generation

Non living material generates living material

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what is cell theory

organisms made of 1 or more cells
arise from pre existing DNA
contain DNA and RNA
produce and have energy flowing thru them

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TF viruses are living

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what are the 3 steps to the endosymbiotic theory

1) plasma memb gave rise to endomembrane stuff like Nucleus and ER
2) ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria - evolved into mitochondria
3) then consumed photosynthetic bacteria the evolved into chloroplasts

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what are the 2 results of the endosymbiotic theory

modern photosynthetic eukaryote (mitochondria and chloroplast)
modern heterotrophic eukaryote (mitochondria only)

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what is the prokaryotic cell defined by

Lack of nucleus - instead have nucleoid where DNA is
No nuclear membrane

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what is the coccus and diplococcus cell shapes

coccus = round cell
diplococcus = pair of round cells (cocci)

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what is the streptococcus and tetrad cell shapes

streptococcus = chain of cocci
tetrad = 4 cocci in a square

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what is the staphylococcus and bacillus cell shapes

staphylococcus = cluster of cocci
Bacillus = rod

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what does the streptobacillus and vibrio cell shapes look like

streptobacillus = chain of rods
vibrio = curved rod

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what do the spirillum and spirochete cell shaped look like

spirillum = spiral
spirochete = long loose helix

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TF all bacteria are microscopic

F, some bacteria can be as big as an eyelash

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what are 3 prokaryotic inclusions and compartments

Energy storage
Gas vesicles
Magnetosomes (orientate according to magnetic field)

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what are endospores

what is made in order for bacteria to survive extreme environments

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TF endospores have a gram +ve stain

F, they do not absorb gram stain, only special endospore stains

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endospores are ______ and have ___ metabolic activity. They’re also _____ which means there’s no ______

Dehydrated
no
dormant
growth

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what is the full endospore cycle (6 steps)

1) Asymmetric division (DNA replicates)
2) Engulfment (Membrane forms around DNA)
3) Maturation (forms additional membranes and a protective cortex forms)
4) Mother cell lysis (protein coat forms around cortex and spore is released)

5) Germination - New vegetative cell
6)Binary fission

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TF Germination on;ly happens when the environment is good

at what stage can u inhibit spore formation

1 - Asymmetric Division

what is the cell envelope

series of layers around the cell

what are 5 layers of the cell envelope`

Cytoplasmic membrane Cell wall outer membrane s-layer capsule

what does the cytoplasmic membrane do

selective barrier Generates gradients Anchors proteins

what 3 things does the composition of a bacteria/eukarya cytoplasmic membrane have

A phospholipid bilaryer head and tail Ester Linkage (O=C-O)

what 3 things does the composition of a Archaea cytoplasmic membrane have

Bi or monolayer Phospholipids have sidechains Ether linkage (C-O)

what does the bacterial cell wall do

Maintains cell shape and rigidity (osmotic control)

TF Mycoplasma and Chlamydia have cell walls

TF Chlamydia has Peptidoglycan

T, even though it doesn't have a cell wall, chlamydia still has peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan is unique to

Bacteria

what is unique to gram +ve bacteria

Teichoic acid

why is a gram +ve bacteria purple

stain gets stuck in thick peptidoglycan cell wall

where is the periplasmic space

in gram -ve bacteria, between the inner membrane and the peptidoglycan

What is LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

outermost of gram negative bacteria only - works in attachment, mechanical strength, and immune protection

what is the structure of peptidoglycan in gram -ve and gram +ve bacteria

+ve = NAG+NAM w/ pentapeptide bridge - ve = NAG+NAM w/ direct link

what are NAG and NAM

2 sugars

what is the archaea Cell wall like

- made of pseudomurein (fake peptidoglycan) - NAG and NAT sugars S-layer acts as CW

why do beta lactam antibiotics work on bacteria but not archaea

beta lactams target peptidoglycan

why do beta lactams like gram positive bacteria more than gram negative

gram positive has no outer membrane, so β-lactams easily reach PBPs

can we use beta bactams against a chlamydia infection

yes, has peptidoglycan and has no CW

what does the cell wall in fungi provide

structural stability and protection

what does the fungi cell wall consist of (inside to out)

chitin B1,3 and B1,4 glucans Mannoproteins

what is the composition of LPS from inside to out

fatty acids Lipid A Core O-antigen

TF LPS is also called endotoxin

TF if LPS is in the bloodstream it can induce septic shock

what does the O-antigen on LPS do

interacts with the environment

what is the unique feature of acid fast bacteria

coated with wax (mycolic acids)

TF acid fast bacteria is just like gram +ve but with mycolic acid

why is acid fast bacteria harder to treat with antiobiotics

cell envelope is unusually thick, waxy, and impermeable

TF antibiotics only attack bacteria and the cell wall

what is the S-Layer

a protein mesh found in all archaea acts as archaic cell wall outermost layer is capsule not present

TF the S-layer is never in bacteria

F, its rare but it can still be there

what does the s layer do

protection and adhesion cell shape and osmotic control

what is the capsule and slime layer

sticky polysaccharide coat outermost layer if present work in Attachment, biofilm, protection and pathogenesis

whats the difference between the capsule and the slime layer

Capsule * Tight matrix * Excludes small molecules * Strongly attached to the cell Slime layer * Easily deformed * Loosely attached to the cell

TF the slime layer and capsule can be present at the same time

what is the outermost layer of a gram -ve bacteria

outermembrane

what is the outermost layer of a gram +ve bacteria

what are pili

found on bacterial surface - Thin filamentous protein structures - roles: conjugation, motility(twitching), adhesion

what are fimbrae

found on bacterial surface Short pili used for attachment

Flagellum are mostly used for

swimming

what does a monotrichous bacteria look like

has 1 flagellum

what does an amphitrichous bacteria look like

1 flagellum on either end

what does a lophotrichous bacteria look like

multiple flagellum coming from 1 side

what does a peritrichous bacteria look like

multiple flagellum coming from both ends`

what is tumbling

clockwise rotation of the bacteria using flagellum - turning to reorient which direction they're swimming

what does the speed of the flagella depend on

the number of stators (motors)

whats the difference in composition of the flagella between gram +ve and -ve bacteria

gram -ve bacteria has L and P rings before and after the rod

what does the composition of a flagella usually look like

stators(motors) + Basal body attached to a rod attached to the filament

what is archaellum

archaea version of flagella

what is the difference between flagellum and archaellum

flagellum - hollow - assembled from top - proton motor force archaellum - solid - assembled from base - ATP driven

Twitching requires ___ and requires pili to ____________

ATP attach to another bacteria

what is gliding

outer proteins bind and rotate which moves the cell

what are taxis and how do they move

Sense and respond to gradients Ability to move towards or away * Swimming

what is chemotaxi movement

when a cell moves in response to chemicals in its environment.

how do eukarya move

Swimming * Long structure: flagellum * Short structure: cilia(also swwp in food)

MODULE 2 Flashcards

(81 cards)